The Cordoba Update 9/2016
| The bi-weekly CORDOBA UPDATE is the product of continuous monitoring work, carried out by the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva team. By analysing and reporting on key events and trends in the Foundation’s areas of interest, we aim to draw readers’ attention to pertinent developments in North Africa, the Sahel, West Asia and Europe, which are not always covered in ‘mainstream’ media.
In addition to sharing news from these four regions, the Cordoba Update is an opportunity for the Foundation to provide regular updates on its publications, events and other developments. In line with the programmes and projects funded by partners of the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva, updates and information are included under the following themes:
For questions and/or feedback regarding the content and form of the Cordoba Update, please contact Sarah Franck: sarah.franck@cordoue.ch Le CORDOBA UPDATE est un bimensuel qui présente le travail continu de suivi réalisé par l’équipe de la Fondation Cordoue de Genève. Par l’analyse des événements et tendances qui concernent les domaines d’intérêt de la Fondation, nous visons à attirer l’attention de nos lecteurs sur les développements pertinents en Afrique du Nord, dans le Sahel, en Asie de l’Ouest et en Europe, une actualité qui n’est pas toujours couverte dans les médias dits ‘traditionnels’. Outre le partage de l’actualité de ces quatre régions, le « Cordoba Update » est un moyen pour la Fondation de fournir des mises à jour régulières sur ses publications, événements et autres développements. En accord avec les programmes et projets financés par les partenaires de la Fondation Cordoue de Genève, les mises à jour et informations concernent les thèmes suivants :
Pour des questions et / ou des commentaires concernant le contenu et la forme du Cordoba Update, veuillez contacter Sarah Franck : sarah.franck@cordoue.ch |
ISLAMIST-SECULAR RELATIONS / RELATIONS ENTRE SÉCULIERS ET ISLAMISTES
Tunisia, 20.04.2016: How Extreme Secularism Feeds Religious Extremism
A proposal by the Tunisian minster of religious affairs to organise a Quran teaching course for pupils during the summer holidays triggered a new round of tensions and media polarisation among Tunisians. Secularists took to media outlets denouncing another attempt, they believed, by Ennahdha to undermine Tunisia’s modernist model. Besides, feminist figures such as Nayla Selliti fiercely criticised the minister of religious affairs, Dr. Mohamed Khalil. The minister of education Neji Jelloul was not spared either the secularists’ media campaign who accused him of collusion with Ennahdha and giving in to Islamists, in an attempt to gain popularity for the sake of his political career. The minister of education took to the airwaves and explained that he is a member of Nidaa Tounes, and that as a secularist and modernist he defends the proposal. Jelloul explained that the proposal was the result of brainstorming at a mini-cabinet meeting aimed at offering pupils of inland towns and villages more access to summer camps organised usually in the facilities of schools in coastal towns. The activities usually included sports, singing, drawing, and other entertainment offerings. The whole affair coincided with the holding in Sousse of an international conference on peace and dialogue. Prime Minister Habib Essid seized the opportunity to remind all that Tunisia strives to remain an oasis of moderation promoting generations solidly anchored in their history and heritage while open to other cultures. The conference concluded by the signature of a joint agreement between the ministries of education and religious affairs to coordinate the use of schools during summer schools for the teaching of the Quran by school teachers only. Beyond the media row a number of non-Islamist intellectuals and public opinion figures felt the need to warn extremist secularists against the dangers of combating elements of Tunisian identity in the name of modernism. They called for a distinction between Islam and Islamism. Others commented that even under Bourguiba’s and Ben Ali’s years of repression a minimum space for religion in the public sphere was allowed, especially the teaching of the Quran on which there is consensus among Muslim Tunisians. Such positions by some extremist secularists feed the narrative developed by violent religious extremists to justify their violent actions and mobilise youth who do not identify with the modernist model promoted by some secularists in Tunisia and beyond.
Links for more information:
http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2016/04/19/habib-essid-appelle-a-rehabiliter-la-pensee-critique
http://arabi21.com/story/904009
http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2016/04/23/neji-jalloul-ou-lenfumage-mediatique
http://assafir.tn/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3wg6Bv6ekA (Minister Neji Jelloul defending his position)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKVWxNZ0fXs
TRANSITION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION / TRANSITION ET PARTICIPATION POLITIQUE
Egypt, 20.04 .2016- 02.05.2016: Police aggression against anti-Sisi protest in Cairo
On 2 May 2016, Egypt’s journalists’ syndicate called for the dismissal of the interior minister and an immediate sit-in at its headquarters in downtown Cairo, to protest against the police detention of two journalists on its premises the night earlier. The two journalists, Amr Badr and Mahmoud el-Sakka, are government critics who work for a website known as January Gate, also critical of the government of Sisi. On 25 April, the police fired tear gas and birdshot to disperse anti-government protesters in Cairo. The central issue raised by the protests was Egypt’s recent decision to surrender to Saudi Arabia control of two strategic Red Sea islands in a surprise deal. Protesters chanted for the first time “leave, leave” and “bread, freedom, the islands are Egyptian.” A leading human rights group said it had documented 133 arrests in just three hours, including 11 journalists. Sisi urged citizens to defend the state and its institutions from the “forces of evil,” a day before the protests. A few days previously, US Secretary of State John Kerry showed strong support for the government of Sisi, in an apparent effort to repair a public rift over human rights. Most recently, Egyptian police prevented hundreds of workers from holding a meeting in Cairo to commemorate International Workers’ Day, while independent trade union leaders urged the government to allow them freedom of assembly. According to Human Rights Watch, “Egyptian security forces allegedly tortured a group of 20 people, eight of them children, in February 2016, after an arrest sweep in Alexandria.” The rights group reported that at least 7,420 Egyptian civilians have been tried in military courts mainly on charges of taking part in anti-government protests over the past 18 months (since October 2014, when Sisi decreed a major new law that expanded the jurisdiction of military courts).
Links for more information:
http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/05/02/world/middleeast/ap-ml-egypt
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/police-deployed-across-egypts-capital
http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/20/politics/kerry-el-sisi-human-rights-egypt
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/egypt-protests-president-sisi
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/egypt-labor-activist
https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/04/21/egypt-children-reported-tortured-disappeared
http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2016/04/14/460721/Human-Rights-watch-Egypt-court-protest-Sisi
Iraq, 27.04.16 – 01.05.16: Protestors Storm Iraqi Parliament over Reforms to the Sectarian Government System.
Political relations in Iraq, which have been in the spotlight after many weeks of parliamentary in-fighting, are under serious strain after a dramatic expression of popular discontent from Saturday 30 April to Sunday 1 May.
With the influence of Muqtada al-Sadr behind them, Iraqi protestors have been demanding immediate reform and the election of a technocratic government, unaffiliated to powerful but divided parliamentary blocs. So far, Prime Minister Hayder al-Abadi has been unable to achieve any agreement amongst Iraqi MPs regarding his proposed lists of candidates. Indicatively, on 26 April, a vote was taken for new ministers of health, water resources, labour and social affairs, higher education, electricity and culture, but a number of “protesting MPs [were] barred from entering the hall or taking part in the vote.” An article in Al Araby Al Jadeed reported that some MPs – with links to former prime minister Nouri al-Maliki – demanded that Abadi and the speaker of parliament, Salim al-Jabouri, step down, as well as President Fuad Masum. The parliamentarian, Risan Sheikh, from the Kurdish Change bloc, told Al-Monitor that if “Abadi intends to form a government of technocrats… this is a positive step… but it is difficult for Abadi to head this government as long as he insists on remaining affiliated with the Dawa Party.”
According to NIQASH, the current political stalemate in the Iraqi parliament is not driven by sectarian divisions, but rather, “when one considers the motives of the politicians involved… their aim is clearly not reform. Rather they are acting out of their own partisan interests, or self-interest.”
Demonstrating the extent of their anger with the country’s political crisis, and expressing a deep frustration with the lack of progress among elected officials, thousands of protesters stormed the parliament on the Saturday, after breaking into the Baghdad Green Zone (one of the world’s most high-security institutional quarters). Numerous commentators noted concerted attempts to organise the popular protest, and to rein in some expressions of violence against persons, government property and institutions. Various sources reported that protesters shouted “Peacefully, peacefully!” while trying to avoid widespread damage. Photos on social media show scenes of protestors protecting parliamentary equipment, among others. In response, the government declared a state of emergency, but apparently there was no official attempt to remove the protestors from official buildings.
According to one source, Muqtada al-Sadr, the influential cleric who has been the political force behind protests at the Green Zone gates in recent weeks, appeared in a televised statement shortly before the unrest hit Baghdad. Al-Sadr did not apparently incite his followers to enter the government building in this broadcast, which suggests that this was a case of popular mobilisation, and not under the direct orders of the religious leader.
Within 24 hours of breaching the fortified walls of the Green Zone, Iraqi protestors had begun their withdrawal. Reports say that a statement was distributed by al-Sadr’s office “citing respect for a major Shia pilgrimage” and urging the protestors’ orderly departure from the area. One demonstrator told journalists that the group did not hesitate to comply.
For weeks, protestors in Baghdad have consistently demanded change in the Iraqi government system which, since 2003, has been based on a deeply sectarian and divisive government quota system, split along confessional and ethnic lines. Sheikh al-Dhari, founder of Peace Ambassadors for Iraq, recently reported that “Iraqi society is highly fragmented and dis-unified because of a broken political system that urges Shi’a or Sunni loyalty and rewards religious intolerance.” However, outside observers have noted that the current political divisions are ultimately not between parties with different sectarian affiliations, but between power blocs with a Shi’a identity. Some sources have suggested that the current standoff could lead to armed confrontation between the Shi’a brigades that are affiliated with these political groups. Two leading figures in this confrontation are al-Sadr and al-Maliki. The former US envoy to Syria, Robert Ford, said “there can be more political and maybe armed conflict between different Iraqi Shia elements… and maybe between militias belonging to some of the Iranian-backed groups and Muqtada al-Sadr supporters.” It is indicative that an Iranian site “Tabnak,” which is reported to be close to the Revolutionary Guards, attacked al-Sadr’s decision-making and leadership capabilities in political affairs.
The troubles of increasing sectarian discourse and violence have been increasingly linked to the use of media in Iraq. On 28 April, the government announced a ban on Al Jazeera journalists in the country, and closed the channel’s Baghdad office, after it accused the Qatari state-funded network of inciting violence and sectarianism. Other reports have linked the recent in-fighting between Shi’a Turkmen and Kurdish militia (allies against so-called “Islamic State” fighters) in the northern city of Tuz Khurmatu, to rancorous expressions of sectarianism on social media outlets, including Facebook.
Links for more information:
http://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/4/26/iraqi-parliament-fractured
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/iraq-abadi-resignation
http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/politics/5247/The-Good-The-Bad-The-Ugly
https://twitter.com/Pesha0105/status/726453034147057666
https://twitter.com/Hayder_alKhoei/status/726408067152236544
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/open-house-baghdads-mythical-green-zone
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/protesters-quit-baghdads-green-zone
https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20160501
http://arabi21.com/story/905635/
http://pafi.org/crisis-in-iraq-conference-day-one/
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iraq-bans-al-jazeera-journalists
http://www.niqash.org/en/articles/security/5257/Did-Poisonous-Social-Media
http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-04-28/coalition-in-fighting
RELATIONS BETWEEN COMMUNITIES OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS /
RELATIONS ENTRE COMMUNAUTÉS DE DIFFÉRENTES AFFILIATIONS ETHNIQUES, CULTURELLES ET RELIGIEUSES
Liban, 08.04.2016 : Condamnation de Samaha, vers une ouverture à la crise politique libanaise ?
La cour de cassation libanaise a finalement condamné l’ancien ministre Michel Samaha, accusé de transport d’explosifs et de planification d’actes terroristes, à près de 10 ans de prison. L’affaire Samaha avait causé l’indignation de l’Alliance du 14 Mars, et plus généralement des milieux sunnites, alors qu’il avait été condamné à 4 ans et demi en première instance, puis relâcher sur caution en janvier dernier (cf. Cordoba Update 4/2016). Le 14 Mars et ses alliés avaient alors été outrés de voir ce qu’ils considéraient comme un biais certain en leur défaveur et l’influence du Hezbollah sur les services de sécurité et judiciaires du pays.
Cette sentence vient donc apaiser ce sentiment de défiance envers les institutions judiciaires et sécuritaires, dans un contexte où le dialogue bilatéral ininterrompu entre le Mouvement du Futur, mené par Saad Hariri et un des principaux partis de l’Alliance du 14 Mars, et le Hezbollah, un des principaux partis de l’Alliance du 8 Mars, est sous haute pression. En effet, la déclaration de l’Arabie saoudite de considérer le Hezbollah comme une organisation terroriste et de sanctionner toute partie collaborant avec lui, avait mis Saad Hariri, grand allié de Riyad, dans une position très inconfortable. Les conséquences ont été un approfondissement des désaccords au sein de l’Alliance du 14 Mars, culminant par la démission du ministre de la justice, Ashraf Rifi, et la désolidarisation proclamée de Saad Hariri avec cette décision. La dernière sentence judiciaire amènerait ainsi de la crédibilité à la stratégie de dialogue prônée par ce dernier. Elle pourrait refléter l’accord des deux parties au dialogue sur la recherche d’une sortie de la crise politique actuelle, aggravée par les pressions émises par l’Arabie saoudite. La prochaine session au calendrier de ce dialogue est fixée au 10 mai. Sur l’agenda figureraient deux points essentiels : l’apaisement des tensions sectaires et une solution au vide présidentiel. Sur ce dernier point, des observateurs locaux estiment que, poussé par le contexte présent, le dialogue pourrait bientôt déboucher à un consensus sur la personne de Suleiman Frangieh, candidat appartenant à l’Alliance du 8 Mars et proposé par Saad Hariri.
Liens pour plus d’informations :
http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/16084/19/Faith-in-Lebanon
http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/michel-samaha
Allemagne, 02.05.16: Congrès de l’AFD (Alternative für Deutschland) à Stuttgart : du discours anti-réfugiés à la rhétorique anti-islam décomplexée.
Le dernier congrès de l’AFD qui s’est tenu dimanche passé à Stuttgart a été marqué par un discours anti-islam affirmé. Les 2400 délégués du mouvement ont notamment voté pour l’abolition du voile intégral et l’interdiction des minarets et ont adopté une résolution soulignant que « l’islam ne fait pas partie de l’Allemagne ». Ce jeune parti, qui était encore récemment dépourvu de programme, fait une ascension fulgurante en Allemagne mais également sur le plan européen : il est représenté dans la moitié des Länder allemands mais également au sein du Parlement européen et vise à entrer au Bundestag (assemblée parlementaire) à l’automne 2017, selon le quotidien Libération.
Les derniers développements de la crise migratoire actuelle avec, entre autres, la fermeture des frontières, font partie des raisons majeures du changement de rhétorique des partis populistes. En effet, la menace s’est déplacée de la figure du migrant à l’islam, en tant que religion mais aussi marqueur identitaire. Hans-Thomas Thillschneider, cité par The Guardian et représentant de l’AFD dans le Land de Saxony Anhalt, a déclaré lors de ce congrès et sous les applaudissements : « l’islam nous est étranger et pour cette raison il ne peut pas invoquer le principe de liberté de culte au même degré que le christianisme ». Si le discours populiste, anti-migrant et anti-islam séduit, le parti joue cependant la carte de la discrétion en évitant d’employer les termes de « droite » ou « extrême droite » et en ne s’opposant pas au parti de la chancelière Angela Merkel. Le fait que le gouvernement et Angela Merkel ne soient jamais mentionnés lors des rencontres du parti montre une volonté de l’AFD de se distancer de l’image du parti protestataire, selon Libération. Peut-être souhaiterait-il également éviter le même sort que le mouvement Pegida dont le leader, Lutz Bachmann, est aujourd’hui poursuivi pour incitation à la haine. Lors de son procès, qui s’est tenu le 19 avril dernier à Dresde, la place des réseaux sociaux était centrale. En effet, l’attribution à Lutz Bachmann de messages de haine diffusés sur Facebook a été un élément débattu lors du procès. Il est bien connu que l’usage des médias sociaux et plateformes de vidéos sont des vecteurs utilisés par les partis populistes afin de diffuser leur message. Pour contrer cela, une initiative originale a été créée par le service d’hébergement de demandeurs d’asiles Refugiés Bienvenue : des bandes annonces proposant un témoignage de réfugiés sont automatiquement diffusées avant des contenus comportant des mots clés comme « réfugiés dehors » ou « réfugiés terroristes ». Ces mots clés ont en effet été achetés par le service Refugiés Bienvenue et ainsi « l’internaute qui fait une recherche en utilisant ces termes n’aura accès au véritable contenu qu’après avoir visionné le film dans son entité, et la fonction « Skip Ad» ou «Ignorer» qui permet d’habitude de sauter le déroulement de la «pub» est désactivée.
En termes de rayonnement européen, l’influence de l’AFD est encore difficile à évaluer mais certains partisans du parti ne cachent pas leur volonté de faire alliance avec certains partis populistes européens comme le FPÖ (Parti de la Liberté) autrichien, qui a récemment remporté le premier tour des élections présidentielles. Pour certains, le FN (Front national) français est même perçu comme « trop socialiste (…) accordant un rôle bien trop important à l’Etat ».
De nouveaux actes islamophobes ont été recensés ailleurs en Europe, comme en France où une mosquée d’Ajaccio (Corse) a été la cible d’un incendie dans la nuit du vendredi 29 avril au samedi 30 avril, une région déjà touchée ces derniers mois par des actes de violences xénophobes. En Angleterre, le journaliste Peter Oborne a relevé les propos de David Cameroun à l’encontre d’un citoyen britannique, Suliman Gani, l’accusant, sans preuve tangible selon le journaliste, d’allégeance à l’organisation du prétendu Etat islamique. Une des visées de ces accusations serait de faire du tort au candidat Labour pour la municipalité de Londres, Sadiq Khan, que David Cameroun accuserait ainsi indirectement d’être proche du mouvement extrémiste violent à références religieuses. Enfin en Suède, Lennard Karlsson, politicien du parti d’extrême droite les Démocrates de Suède (SD), a récemment menacé de mener une attaque suicide dans une mosquée. Sous le feu des critiques, il a ensuite déclaré se retirer temporairement de la politique.
Liens pour plus d’informations :
http://fr.euronews.com/2016/05/01/en-allemagne-l-afd-assume-son-hostilite-face-a-l-islam
http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2016/05/02/en-allemagne-une-troisieme-force-politique
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/germanys-anti-immigration-party-promises-minaret-and-burqa-ban
http://www.liberation.fr/planete/2016/05/01/en-allemagne-l-afd-reformule-ses-maux
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36182511
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/01/german-far-right-party-ban-minarets-burqa
http://www.letemps.ch/opinions/2016/05/01/refugies-prennent-parole-contre-stereotypes-racistes
http://search-racism-find-truth.com/index-en.html
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/24/austrian-far-right-wins-first-round-presidential-election
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/arson-fears-over-muslim-prayer-hall-fire-corsica
http://www.liberation.fr/france/2016/04/30/ajaccio-une-salle-de-priere-musulmane-touchee-par-un-incendie
https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/5/3/france-anti-muslim-acts-triple-in-2015
http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/david-cameron-must-apologise
http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/far-right-swedish-politician-steps-down-over-virulent-anti-islam-posts
http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/01/what-happens-when-a-muslim-runs-for-mayor-of-london-sadiq-khan
VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND THE WAR ON TERROR / EXTRÉMISME VIOLENT ET LA GUERRE CONTRE LA TERREUR
Egypt, Israel, the West, 29.04.2016: The War on Terror
According to the Washington Post, the Islamic State’s affiliate in Egypt is staging increasingly sophisticated and daring attacks, officials and analysts say, prompting Israel, Egypt and the Palestinian militant group Hamas to form an unlikely alliance against the terrorist group. The newspaper added that Hamas deployed several hundred fighters to Gaza’s border with Egypt’s lawless northern Sinai as part of a deal with Egypt to keep militants of the Islamic State from entering the coastal enclave. The United States and Israel are particularly concerned that the militants could threaten a multinational peacekeeping effort that has overseen the peace between Egypt and Israel along the Sinai border. Allison McManus and Jacob Greene wrote in Foreign Affairs “How Sisi Plays Politics With Terrorism,” saying that “by indiscriminately blaming the Muslim Brotherhood for Egyptian terror attacks, Sisi could do more harm than good.” They added that “at a time when the country faces legitimate threats to its stability, the Egyptian security sector continues to rely on divisional tactics instead of serious investigations. Although this may work in the short term, the future consequences could be dire.” Jürgen Todenhöfer, a German journalist, politician, and former judge, criticized the Western strategy of fighting terrorism. For him, “The West has been waging its war on terror for 14 years. The result? Instead of a couple of hundred dangerous international terrorists, we now have over 100,000. And 1.3 million dead in the Middle East.” He added “If Sunnis are treated fairly and reintegrated into society, then and only then will the specter of ISIS be laid to rest… an ISIS defeated by Arab Sunnis would have no future, not even in Syria.” Meanwhile, amid a massive social media campaign that slurs Egypt for allegedly supplying the Syrian Arab Army with missiles for fighting in Aleppo, a former Iranian politician named Amir Mousawi praised Egypt’s support for Syria in its fight against “terror.” He wrote on a post on his Facebook page saying, “I would like to express my sincere thanks to the Republic of Egypt and to his Excellency, President Sisi for their noble and honored approach toward the crimes committed by terrorists in our beloved Syria.” He added “Egypt under Sisi’s rule has been one of the world’s pioneers in supporting the axis of resistance in the region in all aspects, including the political and military aspects.”
Links for more information:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-hamas-and-egypt-form-unlikely-alliance
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/egypt/2016-04-27/crying-wolf
http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Amid-Aleppo-bloodshed-former-Iranian-politician
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/04/29/recipe-for-isis-disaster
PUBLICATIONS AND CFG IN THE MEDIA
The Centre for Security Studies at the ETH Zurich University has published a policy recommendation on promoting Salafi political participation. The publication, co-authored with the Religion, Politics, Conflict desk of the Swiss Foreign Affairs Department, concluded that “a key part of supporting democratic development must be the fostering of an inclusive politics which offers all viewpoints representation in the political arena.” Drawing on the work of the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva with 18 participative haraki Salafi political actors in the 10 MENA countries since 2011, the policy piece indicated that “Haraki Salafi groups are an opportunity for the Salafi viewpoint to be represented in politics. The work of the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva has shown that “by supporting spaces where Salafi groups can learn and work together with groups of other persuasions, third parties can help to reinforce the knowledge, attitudes and relationships necessary for the inclusive politics that democracy requires. This is not only good for democracy but also for peace, strengthening a legitimate alternative to jihadi Salafi groups.”
Promoting Salafi Political Participation
http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/PP4-5.pdf
Promoting Constructive Political Participation of New Faith-Based Political Actors in the Arab Region
http://cordoue.ch/workshop-reports/item/430-cfg-cwr-politicalparticipation-1-en
ترقية المساهمة السياسية البنّاءة للأحزاب والحركات الجديدة ذات المرجعية الدينية في المنطقة العربية
http://cordoue.ch/workshop-reports/item/429-cfg-cwr-politicalparticipation-1-ar
The Salafiscape in the wake of the ‘Arab Spring
http://cordoue.ch/publications/papers/item/369-the-salafiscape-in-the-wake-of-the-arab-spring
The views and perspectives contained in the Weekly Update are from individual contributors and external sources, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or position of the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva. The links are neither intended as an endorsement of particular publications nor the only source for the updates, but to connect to information in the public domain, for those interested in background or further details.
