{"id":7957,"date":"2017-09-20T14:26:39","date_gmt":"2017-09-20T13:26:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/?p=7957"},"modified":"2026-11-09T10:37:19","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T10:37:19","slug":"mediation-perspectives-paix-conflit-et-mediation-en-islam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/mediation-perspectives-paix-conflit-et-mediation-en-islam\/","title":{"rendered":"Mediation Perspectives\u00a0: paix, conflit et m\u00e9diation en islam"},"content":{"rendered":"<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-752 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2017\/09\/holy-quran-1528446_19201.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image courtesy of Afshad\/Pixabay\" width=\"470\" height=\"300\">\n<p>par <strong>Abbas Aroua<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/isnblog.ethz.ch\/week\/our-perspectives\/mediation-perspectives\" class=\"xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Mediation <span class=\"xl__end\">Perspectives<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a><em> est un billet de blog p\u00e9riodique r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par l\u2019 <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.css.ethz.ch\/policy_consultancy\/Mediation_and_Peace_Promotion\/index_EN\" class=\"xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>\u00e9quipe de soutien \u00e0 la <span class=\"xl__end\">m\u00e9diation<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a><em> du CSS et par des auteurs invit\u00e9s. Chaque billet vise \u00e0 souligner l\u2019utilit\u00e9 des approches de m\u00e9diation face aux conflits politiques violents. Pour suivre l\u2019actualit\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9quipe de soutien \u00e0 la m\u00e9diation, vous pouvez vous abonner \u00e0 sa lettre d\u2019information <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.css.ethz.ch\/en\/think-tank\/themes\/mediation-support-and-peace-promotion\/Newsletter.html\" class=\"xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><span class=\"xl__end\">ici<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><\/em><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<p>Le quatri\u00e8me volet de la mini-s\u00e9rie du blog Mediation Perspectives du CSS consacr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019usage des ressources religieuses dans la m\u00e9diation de paix (<a href=\"http:\/\/isnblog.ethz.ch\/diplomacy\/mediation-perspectives-using-religious-resources-to-teach-negotiation-and-mediation-part-1-criteria\" class=\"xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1<sup>re<\/sup> partie\u00a0: <span class=\"xl__end\">crit\u00e8res<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/isnblog.ethz.ch\/diplomacy\/mediation-perspectives-using-religious-resources-to-teach-negotiation-and-mediation-skills-part-2-christianity\" class=\"xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2<sup>e<\/sup> partie\u00a0: <span class=\"xl__end\">christianisme<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/isnblog.ethz.ch\/diplomacy\/buddhism-and-mediation-resources\" class=\"xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3<sup>e<\/sup> partie\u00a0: <span class=\"xl__end\">bouddhisme<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a>) adopte une perspective musulmane et examine comment la paix, le conflit et la m\u00e9diation font partie de l\u2019islam.<\/p>\n<p>Les religions promeuvent la paix et offrent des rep\u00e8res moraux et des prescriptions juridiques pour restreindre et mod\u00e9rer l\u2019usage de la violence. Les fid\u00e8les peuvent s\u2019y conformer ou les transgresser, car ils ne sont ni des anges ni des d\u00e9mons, mais des \u00eatres humains, avec toutes les aspirations complexes \u00e0 la paix et les tentations de la violence que comporte la condition humaine. \u00c0 cet \u00e9gard, l\u2019islam ne fait pas exception.<\/p>\n<p>La paix occupe une place centrale en islam et rev\u00eat trois dimensions\u00a0: avec Dieu, avec soi-m\u00eame et avec les autres. Dans le cadre normatif islamique, la paix doit inspirer l\u2019attitude et le comportement de chaque musulman\u00a0: \u00ab\u202fLe vrai musulman est celui aupr\u00e8s de qui les autres se sentent en paix et ne craignent ni sa langue ni sa main\u202f\u00bb (Proph\u00e8te Muhammad). Tout un univers symbolique de la paix impr\u00e8gne le langage religieux de l\u2019islam. Ainsi, le mot <em>isl\u00e2m<\/em> partage la m\u00eame racine que <em>silm<\/em> et <em>sal\u00e2m<\/em>, les termes arabes d\u00e9signant la paix\u202f; l\u2019un des attributs de Dieu est \u00ab\u202fla Source de la paix\u202f\u00bb (<em>As-Sal\u00e2m<\/em> )\u202f; le Coran appelle le Paradis la \u00ab\u202fDemeure de la paix\u202f\u00bb (<em>D\u00e2r as-Sal\u00e2m<\/em>) . La paix est en outre la salutation de l\u2019islam (<em>as-sal\u00e2mu \u2018alaykum)<\/em>, le langage des justes, et les musulmans r\u00e9it\u00e8rent sans cesse leur souhait de paix dans leurs pri\u00e8res quotidiennes. Le Coran associe par ailleurs la paix \u00e0 la nourriture, la consid\u00e9rant ainsi non seulement comme un droit humain, mais comme un besoin fondamental.<\/p>\n<p>La tradition islamique consid\u00e8re le conflit comme un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne humain. Dans son ouvrage <em><em>Les foudres d\u00e9cha\u00een\u00e9es<\/em> (<em>As-Saw\u00e2\u2018iq al-mursala<\/em>)<\/em>, le savant musulman Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292-1350) observait que \u00ab\u202fle d\u00e9saccord survient n\u00e9cessairement et in\u00e9vitablement entre les hommes en raison de la disparit\u00e9 de leurs volont\u00e9s, de leurs compr\u00e9hensions et de l\u2019acuit\u00e9 de leur esprit. Ce qui est bl\u00e2mable, c\u2019est l\u2019agression et l\u2019hostilit\u00e9 des uns envers les autres. Sinon [\u2026] le d\u00e9saccord ne nuit pas\u202f; il est in\u00e9vitable, car il est constitutif de la cr\u00e9ation humaine.\u202f\u00bb Selon Ibn al-Qayyim, \u00ab\u202fle conflit se d\u00e9finit comme la situation o\u00f9 les origines sont incompatibles, les voies divergentes ou les buts contradictoires\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>En outre, le conflit n\u2019est pas consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un attribut inh\u00e9rent aux parties, mais comme une relation entre elles qui s\u2019est alt\u00e9r\u00e9e et doit \u00eatre restaur\u00e9e. Dans cet esprit, l\u2019expression arabe islamique d\u00e9signant la m\u00e9diation est \u00ab\u202fr\u00e9parer le lien\u202f\u00bb (<em><em>isl\u00e2h dh\u00e2t al-bayn<\/em><\/em>). On envisage donc qu\u2019une telle rupture puisse survenir entre des personnes qui ne sont pas n\u00e9cessairement \u00ab\u202fmauvaises\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>En islam, pr\u00e9venir la violence, transformer les conflits et promouvoir la paix n\u2019incombent pas exclusivement \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9tat\u00a0: c\u2019est le devoir de chaque musulman. \u00ab\u202fR\u00e9concilier \u00e9quitablement deux parties est une aum\u00f4ne\u202f\u00bb (Proph\u00e8te Muhammad). \u00ab\u202fCe qui vaut mieux que le je\u00fbne, la pri\u00e8re et l\u2019aum\u00f4ne, c\u2019est de r\u00e9tablir les liens entre ceux qui sont en conflit\u202f\u00bb (Proph\u00e8te Muhammad).<\/p>\n<p>Lorsque la m\u00e9diation devient difficile, comme dans les conflits asym\u00e9triques o\u00f9 la partie la plus puissante refuse de parler \u00e0 la plus faible, il est du devoir de toute la communaut\u00e9 musulmane d\u2019engager une \u00ab\u202fintervention bienveillante\u202f\u00bb pour amener l\u2019acteur le plus puissant \u00e0 la table du dialogue\u00a0: \u00ab\u202fSi deux groupes de croyants se combattent, r\u00e9conciliez-les. Si l\u2019un d\u2019eux opprime l\u2019autre, combattez celui qui opprime jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019il se conforme \u00e0 l\u2019ordre de Dieu. S\u2019il s\u2019y conforme, r\u00e9conciliez-les avec \u00e9quit\u00e9 et soyez justes. Dieu aime ceux qui sont justes.\u202f\u00bb (Coran, 49:9) Ce verset \u00e9nonce les \u00e9tapes successives d\u2019un processus\u00a0: 1) tenter une m\u00e9diation entre les deux groupes qui se combattent\u202f; 2) si l\u2019un des groupes refuse la m\u00e9diation, rejette le r\u00e8glement du conflit et persiste \u00e0 opprimer l\u2019autre, la communaut\u00e9 islamique a le devoir d\u2019intervenir jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que l\u2019oppresseur revoie sa position\u202f; 3) si l\u2019oppresseur renonce \u00e0 l\u2019oppression et choisit la paix, reprendre la m\u00e9diation avec \u00e9quit\u00e9, sans \u00eatre injuste envers le groupe qui a cess\u00e9 d\u2019opprimer.<\/p>\n<p>Si la communaut\u00e9 manque \u00e0 son devoir d\u2019intervention bienveillante, l\u2019acteur sans pouvoir a le droit de r\u00e9sister pour r\u00e9tablir l\u2019\u00e9quilibre des forces. Les musulmans ont toutefois l\u2019ordre de r\u00e9sister \u00ab\u202fde la meilleure mani\u00e8re\u202f\u00bb, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l\u2019 <em><em>ihs\u00e2n<\/em><\/em>, l\u2019attribut le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la foi islamique. C\u2019est une notion difficile \u00e0 traduire, que l\u2019on peut consid\u00e9rer comme la somme des vertus, puisqu\u2019elle recouvre (1) le bien, (2) l\u2019\u00e9quitable, (3) le vrai, (4) le juste et (5) le beau. \u00ab\u202fRepousse le mal par ce qui est meilleur ( <em><em>ihs\u00e2n<\/em><\/em>)\u00a0: celui avec qui tu avais une inimiti\u00e9 deviendra alors comme un ami chaleureux.\u202f\u00bb (Coran, 41:34) Il s\u2019agit l\u00e0 du pouvoir transformateur de la non-violence.<\/p>\n<p>Le traitement des conflits dans la tradition islamique doit aussi \u00eatre r\u00e9gi par cinq imp\u00e9ratifs islamiques\u00a0: l\u2019 <em><em>ihs\u00e2n<\/em><\/em>, <em>, le <em>\u2018adl<\/em><\/em>  (l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9), qui doit guider la conduite m\u00eame envers les adversaires (\u00ab\u202f\u00d4 vous qui croyez, soyez droits envers Dieu et t\u00e9moins \u00e9quitables\u202f; que la haine d\u2019un peuple ne vous incite pas \u00e0 \u00eatre injustes. Soyez justes\u00a0: cela est plus proche de la pi\u00e9t\u00e9.\u202f\u00bb [Coran, 5:8]), la <em><em>kar\u00e2ma<\/em><\/em>  (la dignit\u00e9 humaine) conf\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 tous les enfants d\u2019Adam, la <em><em>wasatiyya<\/em><\/em>, qui consiste \u00e0 \u00e9viter les extr\u00eames, et surtout l\u2019exigence supr\u00eame de la <em><em>rahma<\/em><\/em>  (l\u2019amour v\u00e9ritable), puisque le musulman est invit\u00e9 \u00e0 commencer chacune de ses actions quotidiennes, religieuses ou profanes, en disant \u00ab\u202f<em><em>Bismill\u00e2h ar-Rahm\u00e2n ar-Rah\u00eem<\/em><\/em>\u202f\u00bb (Au nom de Dieu, l\u2019Aimant, Celui qui donne l\u2019amour).<\/p>\n<p>Il est regrettable de constater l\u2019\u00e9cart entre le cadre normatif islamique de promotion de la paix et la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s musulmanes d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui, d\u00e9chir\u00e9es par tant de conflits violents. Un effort consid\u00e9rable est n\u00e9cessaire en mati\u00e8re de recherche, de renforcement des capacit\u00e9s et de diffusion, afin de promouvoir la culture de la non-violence et de doter les jeunes acteurs de paix du monde islamique d\u2019outils traditionnels et modernes. Cela permettra, esp\u00e9rons-le, de transformer les conflits par des moyens pacifiques.<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p><em>Source\u00a0: <a href=\"https:\/\/isnblog.ethz.ch\/religion\/mediation-perspectives-peace-conflict-and-mediation-in-islam\" class=\"xl\" dir=\"auto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mediation Perspectives: Peace, Conflict and Mediation in <span class=\"xl__end\">Islam<span class=\"xl__ico\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/a><span class=\"xl-src\"> \u00b7 ETH Zurich<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"xl-note\">CPI n\u2019est pas responsable du contenu des sites externes.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>par Abbas Aroua Mediation Perspectives (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet) est un billet de blog p\u00e9riodique r\u00e9dig\u00e9 par l\u2019 \u00e9quipe de soutien \u00e0 la m\u00e9diation (site externe, s\u2019ouvre dans un\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":751,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - 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