{"id":7914,"date":"2018-01-31T21:55:00","date_gmt":"2018-01-31T21:55:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/?p=7914"},"modified":"2026-11-09T23:08:23","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T23:08:23","slug":"tribus-et-institutions-religieuses-en-irak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/tribus-et-institutions-religieuses-en-irak\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribus et institutions religieuses en Irak"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Auteur\u00a0: Renad Mansour<em><br>\n<em>Septembre 2017<\/em><br>\n<\/em><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"dl-list\"><a class=\"dl\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/01\/CFG_Tribes-Religious-Institutions-in-Iraq.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" type=\"application\/pdf\" hreflang=\"en\"><span class=\"dl__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 5v11M7 11.5l5 5 5-5M6.5 19.5h11\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"dl__body\"><span class=\"dl__name\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger l\u2019article \u2013 English<\/span> <span class=\"dl__meta\">(PDF, 992 Ko)<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>L\u2019effondrement de l\u2019\u00c9tat unitaire dans l\u2019Irak de l\u2019apr\u00e8s-2003 a favoris\u00e9 l\u2019\u00e9mergence de diff\u00e9rents acteurs politiques et sociaux cherchant \u00e0 repr\u00e9senter une partie de la population. Si la coalition dirig\u00e9e par les \u00c9tats-Unis a \u00e9t\u00e9 responsable de la destruction de l\u2019ancien \u00c9tat, b\u00e2ti par les Britanniques en 1921, c\u2019est aux nouveaux dirigeants irakiens qu\u2019est revenue la t\u00e2che de construire le nouvel \u00c9tat.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019un des traits essentiels de la construction de l\u2019\u00c9tat apr\u00e8s 2003 a \u00e9t\u00e9 le recours \u00e0 une politique identitaire. Les dirigeants chiites et kurdes qui ont b\u00e2ti le nouvel \u00c9tat \u00e9taient arriv\u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e9tranger apr\u00e8s des d\u00e9cennies d\u2019exil \u2013 en Iran, au Royaume-Uni, aux \u00c9tats-Unis ou ailleurs \u2013, ce qui leur a valu le surnom d\u2019\u00ab\u202fIrakiens de l\u2019\u00e9tranger\u202f\u00bb. Ils n\u2019avaient donc pas de liens solides avec la population, y compris avec les acteurs politiques, tribaux, religieux et issus des classes moyennes au niveau local. Si ces partis n\u2019avaient pas un discours confessionnel, leurs bureaux politiques et leurs directions reposaient presque enti\u00e8rement sur une seule confession (chiite) ou une seule ethnie (kurde).<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 leurs yeux, construire des communaut\u00e9s imagin\u00e9es sur une base confessionnelle \u00e9tait le moyen le plus efficace d\u2019obtenir une l\u00e9gitimit\u00e9. L\u2019essor de la politique identitaire a hiss\u00e9 la religion au sommet de la vie politique, r\u00e9duisant l\u2019influence des tribus. Les tribus sunnites, en particulier, avaient b\u00e9n\u00e9fici\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1990 de solides r\u00e9seaux client\u00e9listes du r\u00e9gime baasiste de Saddam Hussein. Le nouveau projet de construction de l\u2019\u00c9tat a r\u00e9parti les ressources entre les partis politiques sur une base identitaire, privant les tribus de leur r\u00f4le traditionnel d\u2019interlocuteurs locaux. Pourtant, les \u00e9checs r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s de la construction de l\u2019\u00c9tat depuis 2003 ont pr\u00e9serv\u00e9 un certain r\u00f4le aux tribus au niveau local, que le gouvernement central peine souvent \u00e0 atteindre. En ce sens, la tribu a souvent pris le relais de l\u2019\u00c9tat l\u00e0 o\u00f9 celui-ci ne peut assurer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 ni les services \u00e0 la population locale.<\/p>\n<p>Les acteurs tribaux comme religieux conservent ainsi un certain r\u00f4le dans le processus politique et la reconstruction de l\u2019\u00c9tat. Alors que le conflit irakien passe d\u2019un assaut militaire contre le pr\u00e9tendu \u00c9tat islamique (Daech) \u00e0 la reconstruction de l\u2019\u00c9tat, cet article analyse le r\u00f4le potentiel des acteurs tribaux et religieux, marginalis\u00e9s mais influents, dans cette nouvelle phase. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019\u00e9valuer la faisabilit\u00e9 et la pertinence du lancement d\u2019un processus de \u00ab\u202fdialogue par la pratique\u202f\u00bb. L\u2019article pr\u00e9sente d\u2019abord un bref aper\u00e7u historique du r\u00f4le des tribus et des religieux en Irak. Il cartographie ensuite les principaux groupes tribaux et religieux dans l\u2019Irak arabe. Troisi\u00e8mement, il examine bri\u00e8vement la disposition ou la volont\u00e9 de ces acteurs \u00e0 s\u2019engager dans des processus de transformation des conflits. Enfin, il \u00e9value les approches adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 la conception du processus et les r\u00e9sultats attendus des initiatives.<\/p>\n<div class=\"dl-list\"><a class=\"dl\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2018\/01\/CFG_Tribes-Religious-Institutions-in-Iraq.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" type=\"application\/pdf\" hreflang=\"en\"><span class=\"dl__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"1.6\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M12 5v11M7 11.5l5 5 5-5M6.5 19.5h11\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span class=\"dl__body\"><span class=\"dl__name\">T\u00e9l\u00e9charger l\u2019article \u2013 English<\/span> <span class=\"dl__meta\">(PDF, 992 Ko)<\/span><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> (s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Auteur\u00a0: Renad Mansour Septembre 2017<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5700,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-papers"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tribus et institutions religieuses en Irak | CPI-Gen\u00e8ve<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/tribus-et-institutions-religieuses-en-irak\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tribus et institutions religieuses en Irak | 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