{"id":7880,"date":"2020-05-04T08:27:19","date_gmt":"2020-05-04T07:27:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/?p=7880"},"modified":"2026-11-09T09:31:51","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T09:31:51","slug":"quatre-criteres-pour-distinguer-les-entites-religieuses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/quatre-criteres-pour-distinguer-les-entites-religieuses\/","title":{"rendered":"Quatre crit\u00e8res pour distinguer les entit\u00e9s religieuses"},"content":{"rendered":"

Auteur\u00a0: Abbas Aroua
\nJanvier 2020<\/em>
\n<\/em><\/p>\n\n

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Introduction<\/h2>\n

Les courants religieux, en particulier les \u00e9coles de pens\u00e9e islamiques, sont souvent consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme des blocs monolithiques, parfois oppos\u00e9s les uns aux autres. Les soufis, dans leur grande diversit\u00e9, qu\u2019ils soient engag\u00e9s ou non dans l\u2019action sociale et politique, sont indistinctement consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme un groupe pacifique et associ\u00e9s au mysticisme. Le salafisme, apparu il y a des si\u00e8cles et pr\u00e9sent dans tous les pays musulmans sous des formes authentiques mais tr\u00e8s diverses, enracin\u00e9es dans les traditions locales, est assimil\u00e9 \u00e0 une seule \u00e9cole de ce courant, originaire du Najd en Arabie saoudite, le wahhabisme, lui-m\u00eame associ\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019extr\u00e9misme et au terrorisme. Les Fr\u00e8res musulmans, qui ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 pendant plus de neuf d\u00e9cennies et se r\u00e9partissent aujourd\u2019hui en un large \u00e9ventail d\u2019organisations sociales et politiques, de gauche comme de droite, nationalistes comme internationalistes, sont qualifi\u00e9s de groupe terroriste par certains r\u00e9gimes autoritaires.<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, certaines \u00e9lites universitaires et politiques ne se contentent pas de voir dans divers courants de la pens\u00e9e islamique une forme d\u2019extr\u00e9misme\u00a0: elles en font autant de la pratique religieuse elle-m\u00eame. Il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, lors d\u2019une conversation avec une chercheuse de haut rang d\u2019un centre de r\u00e9flexion chinois, celle-ci m\u2019a confi\u00e9 que \u00ab\u202fces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, nos musulmans en Chine sont devenus extr\u00e9mistes\u202f\u00bb. Je lui ai demand\u00e9 en quoi, et elle m\u2019a r\u00e9pondu\u00a0: \u00ab\u202fIls ne boivent plus d\u2019alcool comme avant.\u202f\u00bb Cette r\u00e9ponse inattendue de la part d\u2019une personne instruite peut s\u2019expliquer par l\u2019\u00e9loignement culturel des Hans vis-\u00e0-vis des populations musulmanes, ou par l\u2019effet de d\u00e9cennies d\u2019un communisme dur qui a \u00e9touff\u00e9 l\u2019expression religieuse et engendr\u00e9 un illettrisme religieux en Chine.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9cemment, l\u2019\u00e9lite politique fran\u00e7aise a adopt\u00e9 le m\u00eame discours, apr\u00e8s l\u2019assassinat, le 3 octobre 2019, de quatre fonctionnaires de la pr\u00e9fecture de police de Paris par Micka\u00ebl Harpon, un Fran\u00e7ais converti \u00e0 l\u2019islam une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es plus t\u00f4t. Le pr\u00e9sident Emmanuel Macron a plaid\u00e9 pour une \u00ab\u202fsoci\u00e9t\u00e9 de vigilance\u202f\u00bb et appel\u00e9 les Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 rep\u00e9rer \u00ab\u202f\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole, au travail, dans les lieux de culte, pr\u00e8s de chez soi\u202f\u00bb les \u00ab\u202fpetits gestes\u202f\u00bb et les \u00ab\u202fsignaux faibles\u202f\u00bb de radicalisation. Son ministre de l\u2019Int\u00e9rieur, ex\u00e9g\u00e8te pour l\u2019occasion, Christophe Castaner, est ensuite venu expliquer ces \u00ab\u202fsignaux faibles\u202f\u00bb que le pr\u00e9sident exhorte les Fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 identifier\u00a0: \u00ab\u202fParmi ces signes qui doivent \u00eatre relev\u00e9s\u00a0: une pratique religieuse rigoriste, particuli\u00e8rement exacerb\u00e9e en p\u00e9riode de ramadan. C\u2019est un signe qui doit d\u00e9clencher une alerte sur ces sujets. [\u2026] Le port de la barbe [\u2026] la bise, ou le fait de ne plus la faire. [\u2026] L\u2019individu accepte-t-il ou non de faire \u00e9quipe avec une femme\u202f? A-t-il une pratique r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et ostentatoire de la pri\u00e8re rituelle\u202f? Constate-t-on une hyperk\u00e9ratose au milieu du front, la tab\u00e2a\u202f? [\u2026] Ce sont des indicateurs qui doivent effectivement d\u00e9clencher une enqu\u00eate approfondie.\u202f\u00bb Lorsque ce type de discours \u00e9mane des \u00e9lites politiques d\u2019un pays comme la France, que son histoire et sa g\u00e9ographie rendent si proche du monde de l\u2019islam, il t\u00e9moigne de la diffusion rapide de l\u2019id\u00e9ologie \u00ab\u202fs\u00e9curitaire\u202f\u00bb, qui transforme la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise en \u00ab\u202fune immense soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 priv\u00e9e et une vaste communaut\u00e9 de d\u00e9lateurs\u202f\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cette attitude envers la religion et une approche indiff\u00e9renci\u00e9e des courants religieux d\u00e9bouchent, dans de nombreux contextes, sur des politiques d\u00e9sastreuses qui provoquent des tensions ind\u00e9sirables dans les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s musulmanes comme non musulmanes. Cette note pr\u00e9sente quatre crit\u00e8res qui aident \u00e0 aborder les courants religieux de mani\u00e8re diff\u00e9renci\u00e9e, en tenant compte de leur h\u00e9t\u00e9rog\u00e9n\u00e9it\u00e9 et de leur grande diversit\u00e9 interne.<\/p>\n

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Auteur\u00a0: Abbas Aroua Janvier 2020<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5700,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research-papers"],"yoast_head":"\nQuatre crit\u00e8res pour distinguer les entit\u00e9s religieuses | CPI-Gen\u00e8ve<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/quatre-criteres-pour-distinguer-les-entites-religieuses\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Quatre crit\u00e8res pour distinguer les entit\u00e9s religieuses | CPI-Gen\u00e8ve\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Auteur\u00a0: Abbas Aroua Janvier 2020\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/quatre-criteres-pour-distinguer-les-entites-religieuses\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cordoba Peace Institute - 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