{"id":39,"date":"2010-03-29T22:47:10","date_gmt":"2010-03-29T21:47:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/2010\/03\/29\/affaere-khadafi-wie-hat-es-so-weit-kommen-koennen\/"},"modified":"2023-05-30T13:23:15","modified_gmt":"2023-05-30T12:23:15","slug":"affaere-khadafi-wie-hat-es-so-weit-kommen-koennen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaere-khadafi-wie-hat-es-so-weit-kommen-koennen\/","title":{"rendered":"Aff\u00e4re-Khadafi: Wie hat es so weit kommen k\u00f6nnen?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n<\/a>La version originale de cet article a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans le quotidien suisse la <\/span><\/span>Tribune de Gen\u00e8ve<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/a> Une version courte a \u00e9t\u00e9 dans le quotidien publi\u00e9e suisse <\/span><\/a>Le Temps<\/span><\/em><\/a> Un entretien sur le sujet a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9 \u00e0 la Radio Suisse Romande<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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The culture is to be detected, essential element in the relationship between communities and nations, whether it is a friendly relationship or a relationship of forces. <\/span>Each cooperative and constructive exchange on the one hand forced a (purchase) recognizing the culture of others, on the other hand, the dominance of pages of a state concerning a nation or an ethnic group is also bound by a fundamental learning its culture. <\/span>In the 19th century this fact was recognized very early by the French and British harbingers of \u00ab\u00a0colonialist anthropology\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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In the field of international relations, the interests of a nation be protected in their relations with another nation in different ways. <\/span>There is the subtle way, which is the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the nation, to which one has it in, to acquire, for example, by controlling the cultural conduct and makes their elites docile. <\/span>Then there is also the less subtle way, if one thinks, for example, to the relations with the Arab world, it is found that the United States often use the \u00ab\u00a0brute force\u00a0\u00bb as a means of persuasion. Unambiguous threats, open blackmail and attacks with Tomahawk. <\/span>You have to open the habit the \u00ab\u00a0Arab vaults\u00a0\u00bb with the help of bulldozers. <\/span>Generally contact countries such as Russia and China in this part of the world \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb in order to maintain their privileges and to safeguard their own interests. <\/span>Countries with a colonial past, such as France and the United Kingdom, use a combination of both agents to the dictatorships and \u00ab\u00a0dominate\u00a0\u00bb the riches of the Arab world. <\/span>The other countries that have neither \u00ab\u00a0brute force\u00a0\u00bb nor \u00ab\u00a0keys\u00a0\u00bb have the choice of three ways to protect their interests: (a) the application of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb, (b) the \u00ab\u00a0defense by proxy \u00ab\u00a0by they should to friends recourse (countries, influential organization or person) which then able to intervene and provide assistance, (c) or the\u00a0\u00bb diplomatic concession \u00ab\u00a0with its inevitable consequences: as\u00a0\u00bb political opposition \u00ab\u00a0and\u00a0\u00bb moral duplicity \u00ab\u00a0. <\/span>the addressing the generated by the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb crisis has laid bare the limits of Swiss foreign policy: (1) the lack of \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the cultural environment in Libya and the Arab culture in general, (2) a crumbling of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power \u00ab\u00a0and (3) to mobilize the difficulty reliable allies who would intervene in the conflict and provide assistance. <\/span>The deal with a crisis of this kind has also suffered (4) under the lack of transparency, underlined by the particularly weak use of the Swiss people and (5) the impact, which consequently remains in the public that the foreign policy almost exclusively the imperative of economic is subordinate. <\/span>the nose and … the loss.<\/span><\/strong> the (future) diplomats who are provided as representative for the Arab world, should at least every few aphorisms from Arab memorize (on this subject, several anthologies published). <\/span>In a culture of orality, as is the case in the Arab world, there are, among other things, the wisdom, the transfer standards in society and they pass on from generation to generation. <\/span>The Bedouin is known for his extreme hospitality. <\/span>To cater for its guests, he would be willing to kill his mount. <\/span>He would also be ready to die to defend his honor and to avenge them. <\/span>He would spend his willing one million francs in legal fees in a lawsuit against someone who had just stolen one franc. <\/span>A wisdom from Libya says: \u00ab\u00a0Ala al-baghouth hrag al-JerD\u00a0\u00bb (Because of a flea, he has his clothes burned). <\/span>An Algerian wisdom tells us: \u00ab\u00a0En-naif wel khsara\u00a0\u00bb (Preserves the nose, goes even if everything else is lost). <\/span>In Arab culture symbolizes the nose (en-naif, al-anf-al anafa) honor and dignity. <\/span>\u00ab\u00a0The nose preserve\u00a0\u00bb means – to save face. <\/span>How many battles have not been triggered in the Arab antiquity because some mischievous poetry verses between tribes. <\/span>It has to look no sense for a rational explanation for such an attitude or behavior. <\/span>Khadafi lives in a world of symbols. <\/span>The title he has gained illegally, \u00ab\u00a0King of Kings\u00a0\u00bb, his clothing and his tent, from which he never separates, are constantly present to remind us. <\/span>You should know how to act accordingly. <\/span>Better die standing than live on my knees.<\/span><\/strong> The \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb is extremely important in diplomacy. <\/span>If it is well developed and maintained constant, it can form a symbolic protective wall. <\/span>But it is demanding and requires two conditions, teachers know all too well:. To take self-confidence and willingness some estimated risks <\/span>Switzerland has many advantages that would allow her to create such a power: no colonial past, (positive) neutrality a central role in the development, in the promotion and protection of international humanitarian law and human rights, the quality of industrial products and services and the like Switzerland’s image is shaped by these components and reflects a real \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span>Unfortunately, the image is blurred by political attitudes, modes of behavior and statements, which reflect the inconsistencies and even contradictions between on the one hand the values \u200b\u200band principles and on the other hand the behavior. <\/span>If a Swiss politician, rashly before the resolution of the conflict stated that he hope that trade relations with Libya would be resumed quickly, this is a strong sign of weakness, the Khadafi, the \u00ab\u00a0mout waguef!\u00a0\u00bb in the culture of (Die upright) is has been brought up, on his way has been able to exploit. <\/span>He tried gradually his interlocutors to its knees by raising the voice, calling for the disintegration of the Swiss Confederation or to the \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb against the country. <\/span>The strong measures such as the application of the visa ban come too late and are widely regarded as incapable even of the European Union. <\/span>Not scratching your skin better than your nail.<\/span><\/strong> The \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb is not a banal disapproval only some requires secret negotiations. <\/span>From the beginning, she stepped on potentially such a big crisis. <\/span>The official statement of Switzerland would therefore have to be unique to a national debate, and supported by the Swiss population. <\/span>This would have led to the strengthening of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the country. <\/span>The lack of popular support for the government’s policies energized effectively to discredit the partners. <\/span>One needs only the behavior of some Western governments vis-\u00e0-vis the Arab dictatorships who escaped the support of their own populations, observed. <\/span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0Ma hakka jildaka mithlou dhoufrik. <\/span>Fatawalla anta amrak \u00ab\u00a0(Nothing scrapes better your skin than your nail. Yes, then stand on their own feet). <\/span>The Switzerland should not have to reckon with the support of some foreign governments, because this proved ineffective, even counterproductive. <\/span>The \u00ab\u00a0Arab solidarity\u00a0\u00bb on the one hand this time works well. <\/span>Switzerland has can not even count on the support of the governments, which are classified as \u00ab\u00a0friends\u00a0\u00bb; <\/span>as the government of Algeria. <\/span>She has been one of the first governments that Khadafi gave their solidarity known, followed by the Government of Tunisia. <\/span>The League of Arab States was thus strongly encouraged to adopt the same position. <\/span>The \u00ab\u00a0greedy individualism\u00a0\u00bb by some European and North American countries on the other hand only confirms that their own interests above all other considerations take precedence. <\/span>The effect can be found in the careful opinions to the \u00ab\u00a0coveted Libya\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span>The moderate statements of the French, American, Italian and other governments with respect to the call to \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb by Khadafi against Switzerland, are disturbing. <\/span>Let us imagine, if this \u00ab\u00a0fatwa\u00a0\u00bb by one of the leaders of the countries that would have been adopted \u00ab\u00a0axis of evil\u00a0\u00bb, only once before, as the tone of the declarations and the excitement in the corridors of the Security Council would have been. <\/span>The publicized devotion of the official European representative in Khadafi has us sadly recalls the Arab League Summit in the Libyan city of Sirte in this truth than to Handkuss for the revolutionary leader and \u00ab\u00a0top Geschickelenker\u00a0\u00bb came the farewells at Silvio Berlusconi. <\/span>Rather hunger die than eat thanks unworthy means.<\/span><\/strong> One of the arguments, which weighed on the talks on the crisis with Libya, concerning the \u00ab\u00a0energy and economic security.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span>Yes, Myth or Reality? <\/span>I have tried to answer this question by starting carried out by some basic requirements, an approximate estimation. <\/span>It is estimated that imports from Libya to Switzerland in relation to energy, to CHF 1.658 bn. <\/span>In 2007, it was primarily oil, for a total amount of imports from all countries to Switzerland by more than 183 billion Swiss francs. <\/span>That means 0.9 percent. <\/span>The Libyan crude oil would mean 50 per cent of total imports of this strategy object. <\/span>One should add that Libya in Switzerland is owned by a refining device and also by more than 300 service stations. <\/span>The crisis with Libya should not be an obstacle to a sovereign political decision, but rather an opportunity to the energy policy of the country to reconsider. <\/span>Diversification is possible and indispensable. <\/span>Other credible energy producers should be considered. <\/span>In terms of the economics section can be stated as follows: <\/span>1) Before the crisis, in 2007, the Libyan deposits in Swiss banks are estimated at CHF 6.5 billion, from a managed volume of CHF 4900 billion (5.6 billion francs were finally lifted in 2008 from the 6.5 billion). <\/span>In 2007, therefore the Libyan deposits represented 0.13 percent of the total amount of deposits in the Swiss banks. <\/span>Suppose the net interest amounts for the Swiss banks 10 percent, with a tax rate of 20 percent on that interest, are obtained per year CHF 130 million of income for the state. <\/span>2) In 2007, the exports of Switzerland to Libya for 278 million Swiss francs estimated a total amount of exports in the order of CHF 197 billion, which is 0.14 percent. <\/span>With a tax rate of 25 percent on those exports to Libya an income obtained per year by CHF 70 million for the state. <\/span>Overall we had seen thus a state income of CHF 200 million, which comes from Libya. <\/span>If you consider that there were the end of 2007 about 7.6 million people in Switzerland, you will receive an annual per capita income of 26 francs and 34 centimes, that originates from the commercial transactions with Libya, that is 7 cents per day, but not go into the pocket of the citizens, but are ready for government spending. <\/span>One should this keep a close watch and compare it with the gross domestic product per capita in Switzerland from 2007, which amounted to CHF 68.394 per year. <\/span>That is 0.04 percent. <\/span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0Tamutu alhurratu wa la taakulu min thadiyiha\u00a0\u00bb (The graceful woman dying of hunger and fed not from her chest). <\/span>The question of Swiss citizens would have to ask, was not whether he was ready to die of hunger, to avoid humiliation, but if he was prepared to take the hypothetical risk their standard of living to reduce by less than 0.1 percent, only to preserve his dignity, because he knows that the inhabitants live from other developed countries, such as Germany and France, with a GDP that is 30 percent lower. <\/span>The citizen response is predictable. <\/span>A referendum on this subject – so simple in Switzerland – would have had more sense than that on minarets. <\/span>But there is another facet to this question. <\/span>To increase the public service of 26 francs per year and per inhabitant, there will be a volume of CHF 730 million, which will be due from the industrial and financial elite in Switzerland (export-related gains and interest on the Libyan bank). <\/span>Consequently, the annual income, thanks to the business with Libya, huge for this small number of privileged people. <\/span>If these calculations are not too far removed from reality, they would be widespread in Switzerland considers substance, that it is the industrial and financial groups that determine Swiss policy on tackling the crisis with Libya and the behavior of the Swiss Ambassador in Tripoli would dictate. <\/span>Finally true to say that Switzerland would better cope with similar crises like the Khadafi affair if they would respect the four rule of political hygiene: rule # 1: investing more about the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to acquire the Arab world. <\/span>Rule # 2: Set on the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb and maintain them. <\/span>Rule no. 3: yourself up for their own resources and to support its population. <\/span>Rule No. 4:.. By no means exclusively subordinate their foreign policy imperatives of the economy and thereby exposing themselves to the political blackmail <\/span>To end the \u00ab\u00a0affair-Khadafi\u00a0\u00bb Switzerland will have to choose between two approaches: the escalation of the conflict by agitation and the de-escalation by calm behavior. <\/span>After the restrictive visa measures against Libyans, followed by the refusal of a visa for Libya for the citizens of the European Union, Switzerland could go so far, and the disintegration of the \u00ab\u00a0Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\u00a0\u00bb and its re-partition adjacent to the countries require or call for a crusade against the country and arrested some Libyan citizens on Swiss territory. <\/span>It could, however, quite to the contrary, declare the case definitively, wait for the release of Max G\u00f6ldi, until he is serving his sentence of four months, and thus to respect \u00ab\u00a0the independence of the judiciary\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span>You could then also publicly declare that if the detainees would not be released at the end of his sentence, sovereign measures would be taken, which could lead to the elimination of Libya from all Swiss companies, and even to break off relations. <\/span>A diplomatic as well as medial restraint should, during the three months following the declaration are observed. <\/span>Such an approach would restore the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the Swiss Confederation and contribute to the crisis more quickly to solve, as one hopes. <\/span>Abbas Aroua <\/span>29th <\/span>March 2010 <\/span>Translation from French by Monica Hostettler<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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The interests of a state in another country are secured either by mastering the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb of that country or, by resorting to \u00ab\u00a0brute force\u00a0\u00bb as a means of persuasion, or the use of \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb, or the \u00ab\u00a0defense by proxy\u00a0\u00bb by resorting to influential friends, as well as through the \u00ab\u00a0diplomatic concession\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span>Addressing the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb has given us the limits of Swiss policy disclosed: the lack of \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the cultural environment in Libya, the disintegration of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb, the difficulty to mobilize reliable allies, the lack of transparency, and the remainder in the public impression that the foreign policy is almost exclusively subordinate to the imperative of the economy. <\/span>Khadafi is a Bedouin who lives in a world of symbols. <\/span>The title he has appropriated itself, \u00ab\u00a0King of Kings\u00a0\u00bb, his clothing and his tent, from which he never separates, remind us. <\/span>The Bedouin is known for its unmeasured hospitality. <\/span>To cater for its guests, he would be willing to kill his mount. <\/span>And he would also be ready to die to defend his honor or avenge. <\/span>A wisdom from Libya says: \u00ab\u00a0Because of a flea, he has his clothes burned\u00a0\u00bb and an Algerian wisdom: \u00ab\u00a0Keep your nose, even if everything goes Other lost\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span>The nose symbolizes the honor and dignity. <\/span>How many battles have been triggered in the Arab antiquity not because biting poetry stanzas between tribes. <\/span>It is useless for a rational explanation for such an attitude to seek or behavior. <\/span>\u00ab\u00a0Informal power\u00a0\u00bb is essential in diplomacy, because it can, if it is maintained constant, form a symbolic protective wall. <\/span>It requires two conditions: to take self-confidence and willingness some estimated risks. <\/span>Switzerland has advantages that would allow it to set up such a force: no colonial past, neutrality, a central role in the development, promotion and protection of international humanitarian law and human rights, etc. Through political attitudes, modes of behavior and statements, the inconsistencies and the contradictions between on the one hand the values \u200b\u200band principles and on the other hand the behavior reflect, comes the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb to crumble. <\/span>When a Swiss politician would explain that he hoped trade relations with Libya, before the settlement of the conflict be resumed quickly, this is a strong sign of weakness, the Khadafi, who has been \u00ab\u00a0upright Die!\u00a0\u00bb In the culture of educated, in its own way has been able to exploit to force his interlocutors to its knees by gradually the voice rises, calling for the disintegration of the Confederation or the \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb against Switzerland. <\/span>potential joined the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb as a major crisis. <\/span>The official opinion would therefore should be unique to a national debate and supported by the Swiss population. <\/span>This would have led to the strengthening of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the country. <\/span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0Nothing scrapes better your skin than your nail. <\/span>Yes, then stand on their own feet \u00ab\u00a0. <\/span>As to be expected with the support of some foreign governments, proved ineffective. <\/span>The \u00ab\u00a0Arab solidarity\u00a0\u00bb has time works well. <\/span>Switzerland has not even with the support of governments, such as Algeria, estimated as \u00ab\u00a0friends\u00a0\u00bb, count. <\/span>She has been one of the first governments that Khadafi gave their solidarity known it has the Arab League influenced so that it takes the same position. <\/span>The \u00ab\u00a0mercenary individualism\u00a0\u00bb of certain European and North American countries expressed by the cautious statements to the \u00ab\u00a0coveted Libya\u00a0\u00bb from. <\/span>The moderate statements by French, US, Italian and official from other representatives after calling Khadafi to \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb against Switzerland, are disturbing. <\/span>Let us imagine, if this \u00ab\u00a0fatwa\u00a0\u00bb by one of the leaders of the countries that would have been adopted \u00ab\u00a0axis of evil\u00a0\u00bb, just in front, as the tone of the declarations and the excitement would have been in the corridors of the Security Council. <\/span>The publicized devotion of the official European representative in Khadafi has us sadly recalls the Arab League Summit in the Libyan city of Sirte in this truth than to Handkuss for the revolutionary leader and \u00ab\u00a0top Geschickelenker\u00a0\u00bb came the farewells at Silvio Berlusconi. <\/span>One the arguments that loaded the talks on the crisis with Libya, concerning the \u00ab\u00a0energy and economic security.\u00a0\u00bb <\/span>The import of Libyan oil represents 50 percent of total imports of this strategy object. <\/span>The crisis with Libya should not be an obstacle to a sovereign political decision, but rather an opportunity to the energy policy of the country to reconsider. <\/span>Diversification is possible and indispensable. <\/span>Other credible energy producers should be considered. <\/span>Before the crisis, in 2007, presented in the rest of the Libyan deposits in Swiss banks 0.13 percent of the total deposits in the Swiss banks represent and exports of Switzerland to Libya 0.14 percent. <\/span>It is estimated that annual national income, coming from Libya, to CHF 200 million, slightly more than 26 francs per year and per capita, that is 0.04 percent of GDP per capita. <\/span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0The graceful woman dying of hunger and fed not from her breast\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span>The question that one would have the Swiss citizens should ask, was not whether he was ready to die of hunger, to avoid humiliation, but rather whether he was willing to take the hypothetical risk and reduce less than 0.1 percent its living standards, in order to preserve his dignity. <\/span>He knows that the inhabitants live from other developed countries, such as Germany and France, with a GDP that is 30 percent lower. <\/span>The citizen response is predictable. <\/span>A referendum on this subject – so simple in Switzerland – would have had more sense than that on minarets. <\/span>But there is another facet to this topic. <\/span>To increase the public service of 26 francs per year and per capita, there will be a volume of CHF 730 million, which will be due from the industrial and financial elite in Switzerland (export-related gains and interest on the Libyan bank). <\/span>For this small number of privileged people is the annual income, thanks to the business with Libya, enormous. <\/span>This would be widespread in Switzerland considers substance, that it is the industrial and financial groups that determine Swiss policy on tackling the crisis with Libya and which would dictate the behavior of the Swiss ambassador in Tripoli. <\/span>Switzerland would better manage crises like the Khadafi affair if they would respect the four rule of political hygiene: 1. invest more to the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the Arab world to acquire. <\/span>2. Add to the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb and maintain them. <\/span>3. Insert yourself for their own resources and to support its population. <\/span>4. Never exclusively subordinate their foreign policy imperatives of the economy and thereby exposing themselves to the political blackmail. <\/span>To end the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi- affair\u00a0\u00bb Switzerland will have to choose between two approaches: the escalation of the conflict by agitation or the de-escalation by calm behavior. <\/span>You could ask for the disintegration of the \u00ab\u00a0Great Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\u00a0\u00bb and its re-partition of the neighboring countries, to call for a crusade against the country and arrested several Libyan nationals on the Swiss territory. <\/span>It could, however, on the contrary, declare the case definitively, wait for the release of Max G\u00f6ldi, until he is serving his four-month sentence, and thereby respect \u00ab\u00a0the independence of the judiciary\u00a0\u00bb and publicly declare that if the detainees at the end of his sentence would not be released, sovereign measures would be taken, which could lead to the exit of Libya from all Swiss companies, and even to break off relations. <\/span>A diplomatic as well as medial restraint should follow this declaration. <\/span>Such an approach would make the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the Confederation again and contribute to the crisis more quickly to solve, as one hopes. <\/span>Abbas Aroua <\/span>29th <\/span>March 2010 <\/span>Translation from French by Monica Hostettler<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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La version originale de cet article a \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9 dans le quotidien suisse la Tribune de Gen\u00e8ve Une version courte a \u00e9t\u00e9 dans le quotidien publi\u00e9e suisse Le Temps Un entretien sur le sujet a \u00e9t\u00e9 accord\u00e9 \u00e0 la Radio Suisse Romande<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5701,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions"],"yoast_head":"\nAff\u00e4re-Khadafi: Wie hat es so weit kommen k\u00f6nnen? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaere-khadafi-wie-hat-es-so-weit-kommen-koennen\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaere-khadafi-wie-hat-es-so-weit-kommen-koennen\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Aff\u00e4re-Khadafi: Wie hat es so weit kommen k\u00f6nnen? 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