{"id":123,"date":"2010-03-30T22:43:37","date_gmt":"2010-03-30T21:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/2010\/03\/30\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/"},"modified":"2010-03-30T22:43:37","modified_gmt":"2010-03-30T21:43:37","slug":"affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/","title":{"rendered":"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" alignleft size-full wp-image-122\" src=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg\" alt=\"\" align=\"left\" width=\"610\" height=\"405\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg 610w, https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi-400x266.jpg 400w, https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi-367x244.jpg 367w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00ab\u00a0La culture est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment essentiel &agrave; appr&eacute;hender dans toute relation entre communaut&eacute;s et nations, que cette relation soit un lien amical ou un rapport de force.\u00a0\u00bb <\/em>Dr. Abbas Aroua<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>La culture est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment essentiel &agrave; appr&eacute;hender dans toute relation entre communaut&eacute;s et nations, que cette relation soit un lien amical ou un rapport de force. D&rsquo;une part tout &eacute;change coop&eacute;ratif et constructif est forc&eacute;ment (re)connaissance de la culture de l&rsquo;Autre. D&rsquo;autre part, la domination d&rsquo;un peuple ou d&rsquo;un groupe ethnique passe aussi, obligatoirement, par l&rsquo;apprentissage &eacute;l&eacute;mentaire de sa culture. Ce fait a &eacute;t&eacute; tr&egrave;s t&ocirc;t compris, d&egrave;s le 19&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, par les pr&eacute;curseurs fran&ccedil;ais et britanniques de &laquo; l&rsquo;anthropologie colonialiste &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Sur le plan des relations internationales, les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts d&rsquo;une nation dans ses rapports avec une autre sont prot&eacute;g&eacute;s de diff&eacute;rentes fa&ccedil;ons. Il y a la mani&egrave;re subtile qui consiste &agrave; poss&eacute;der des &laquo; cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &raquo; &agrave; la nation vis&eacute;e, par exemple par la maitrise de ses codes culturels et l&rsquo;apprivoisement de ses &eacute;lites. Il y a aussi la mani&egrave;re moins subtile. Si l&rsquo;on consid&egrave;re par exemple les rapports avec le monde arabe, on constate que les Etats-Unis recourant souvent &agrave; la &laquo; force brutale &raquo; comme moyen de persuasion : menaces explicites, chantage ouvert, agression au Tomahawk. Ils ont l&rsquo;habitude d&rsquo;ouvrir les &laquo; coffres-forts arabes &raquo; &agrave; coup de bulldozer. Des pays comme la Russie et la Chine utilisent g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement des &laquo; cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &raquo; pour obtenir des avantages et pr&eacute;server leurs int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts dans cette r&eacute;gion du monde. Les pays au pass&eacute; colonialiste, comme la France et le Royaume-Uni, utilisent une combinaison des deux leviers pour &laquo; g&eacute;rer &raquo; les dictatures et les richesses du monde arabe. Les autres pays qui ne disposent ni de &laquo; force brutale &raquo; ni de &laquo; cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &raquo; ont le choix entre trois voies pour veiller sur leurs int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts : (a) l&rsquo;usage de l&rsquo; &laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo;, (b) la &laquo; d&eacute;fense par proxy &raquo; en recourant &agrave; des amis (pays, organisations ou personnalit&eacute;s influentes) cens&eacute;s intervenir et aider, (c) la &laquo; compromission diplomatique &raquo; avec ses cons&eacute;quences in&eacute;vitables : l&rsquo;&laquo; incoh&eacute;rence politique &raquo; et la &laquo; duplicit&eacute; morale &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>La gestion de la crise engendr&eacute;e par l&rsquo;&laquo; affaire Kadhafi &raquo; a r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; trois limites de la politique &eacute;trang&egrave;re suisse : (1) la p&eacute;nurie en mati&egrave;re de &laquo; cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &raquo; &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement culturel libyen et arabe en g&eacute;n&eacute;ral, (2) l&rsquo;effritement de l&rsquo; &laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo; suisse, et (3) la difficult&eacute; de mobiliser des alli&eacute;s fiables pour intervenir et aider. La gestion de la crise a p&eacute;ch&eacute; aussi par (4) le manque de transparence dans la gestion d&rsquo;une crise de cette nature, et notamment la faible implication du peuple suisse, et (5) l&rsquo;impression donn&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;opinion que la politique ext&eacute;rieure est subordonn&eacute;e quasi-exclusivement &agrave; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie.<\/p>\n<h2>Le nez et&hellip; la perte<\/h2>\n<p>Les (futurs) diplomates destin&eacute;s ou susceptibles d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre charg&eacute;s de mission dans le monde arabe devraient tous apprendre par c&oelig;ur au moins quelques dizaines d&rsquo;adages populaires de cette r&eacute;gion du monde (plusieurs recueils sont publi&eacute;s dans la litt&eacute;rature). Dans une culture de l&rsquo;oralit&eacute;, comme c&rsquo;est le cas dans le monde arabe, ce sont entre autres les adages qui v&eacute;hiculent les normes au sein de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; et les transmettent de g&eacute;n&eacute;ration en g&eacute;n&eacute;ration.<\/p>\n<p>Le b&eacute;douin est connu pour son hospitalit&eacute; sans mesure. Il serait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; tuer sa monture pour nourrir ses h&ocirc;tes. Mais il serait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; mourir pour d&eacute;fendre ou venger son honneur. Il serait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; d&eacute;penser un million de francs de frais d&rsquo;avocats dans un proc&egrave;s contre quelqu&rsquo;un qui lui aurait subtilis&eacute; un seul franc. Un adage populaire libyen dit : &laquo; Ala al-barghouth hrag al-jerd &raquo; (A cause d&rsquo;une puce, il a br&ucirc;l&eacute; ses habits). Un autre adage alg&eacute;rien dit : &laquo; En-naif wel khsara &raquo; (Sauvegarder le nez, m&ecirc;me &agrave; la perte de tout le reste). Le nez (en-naif, al-anf, al-anafa) symbolise dans la culture arabe l&rsquo;honneur et la dignit&eacute;. &laquo; Sauvegarder le nez &raquo;, c&rsquo;est sauver la face. Combien de batailles entre tribus se sont d&eacute;clench&eacute;es dans l&rsquo;antiquit&eacute; arabe &agrave; cause de quelques vers de po&eacute;sie malveillants. Il serait vain de chercher une explication rationnelle &agrave; ce type d&rsquo;attitudes et de comportements.<\/p>\n<p>Kadhafi baigne dans un univers de symboles. Le titre de &laquo; Roi des rois &raquo; qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;est arrog&eacute;, sa tenue et sa tente qui ne le quitte pas, tout cela est constamment pr&eacute;sent pour nous le rappeler. Il fallait le voir et agir en cons&eacute;quence.<\/p>\n<h2>Mourir debout plut&ocirc;t que vivre &agrave; genou<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;&laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo; est essentielle en diplomatie. Si elle est bien d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e et entretenue, elle peut dresser un mur de protection symbolique. Mais elle est exigeante et requiert deux conditions, les p&eacute;dagogues le savent bien : l&rsquo;assurance en soi et la disposition &agrave; prendre quelques risques mesur&eacute;s.<\/p>\n<p>La Suisse a beaucoup d&rsquo;atouts lui permettant de construire une telle autorit&eacute; : absence d&rsquo;un pass&eacute; colonial, neutralit&eacute; (positive), r&ocirc;le central dans le d&eacute;veloppement, la promotion et la protection du droit international humanitaire et des droits de l&rsquo;homme, qualit&eacute; des produits industriels et des services, etc. Ce sont l&agrave; les ingr&eacute;dients qui forment une image de la Suisse refl&eacute;tant une v&eacute;ritable &laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo;. Mais cette image peut h&eacute;las &ecirc;tre rendue floue par des attitudes, comportements et d&eacute;clarations politiques refl&eacute;tant des incoh&eacute;rences, voire des contradictions, entre valeurs et principes d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, et pratiques de l&rsquo;autre.<\/p>\n<p>Lorsqu&rsquo;un homme politique suisse se pr&eacute;cipite pour d&eacute;clarer qu&rsquo;il esp&egrave;re que les relations commerciales reprennent vite avec la Libye, avant m&ecirc;me que le conflit ne soit r&eacute;solu, c&rsquo;est un signal fort qui met &agrave; nu une &eacute;norme faiblesse que Kadhafi, &eacute;lev&eacute; dans la culture de &laquo; mout waguef ! &raquo; (Meurt debout !), a su exploiter &agrave; sa guise, pour tenter de mettre son interlocuteur &agrave; genou, en haussant progressivement le ton jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; demander la d&eacute;sint&eacute;gration de la Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration ou appeler au jihad contre ce pays. Les mesures de fermet&eacute;, comme l&rsquo;usage du levier des visas, viendront trop tard et seront jug&eacute;es inadapt&eacute;es, y compris par l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne.<\/p>\n<h2>Rien ne gratte mieux ta peau que ton ongle<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;&laquo; affaire Kadhafi &raquo; n&rsquo;est pas un d&eacute;saccord banal qui requiert quelques rounds de n&eacute;gociations secr&egrave;tes. D&egrave;s le d&eacute;part, elle se pr&eacute;sentait potentiellement comme une crise majeure. La position officielle de la Suisse devait alors &ecirc;tre prise dans la transparence et soutenue par le peuple suisse apr&egrave;s un d&eacute;bat national. Cela aurait renforc&eacute; l&rsquo;&laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo; du pays. En effet, l&rsquo;absence d&rsquo;un soutien populaire fort &agrave; une politique gouvernementale suscite la d&eacute;consid&eacute;ration des partenaires. Il n&rsquo;y a qu&rsquo;&agrave; voir comment certains gouvernements occidentaux se comportent vis-&agrave;-vis des dictatures arabes qui se sont priv&eacute;es du soutien de leurs populations.<\/p>\n<p>Un adage populaire arabe dit : &laquo; Ma hakka jildaka mithlou dhoufrik. Fatawalla anta amrak &raquo; (Rien ne gratte mieux ta peau que ton ongle, alors prend-toi en charge). Ainsi, miser uniquement sur le soutien de gouvernements &eacute;trangers s&rsquo;est r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; sans effet, voire contreproductif. D&rsquo;une part, la &laquo; solidarit&eacute; arabe &raquo; a bien fonctionn&eacute; cette-fois-ci. La Suisse n&rsquo;a m&ecirc;me pas pu compter sur le soutien de gouvernements class&eacute;s dans la cat&eacute;gorie des &laquo; amis &raquo;, comme celui de l&rsquo;Alg&eacute;rie, qui a &eacute;t&eacute; parmi les premiers &agrave; afficher sa solidarit&eacute; avec Kadhafi, suivi par celui de Tunisie, ce qui a fortement influenc&eacute; la Ligue des Etats arabes &agrave; adopter la m&ecirc;me position. D&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;&laquo; individualisme cupide &raquo; de certains pays europ&eacute;ens et am&eacute;ricains du nord, confirmant que leur propre int&eacute;r&ecirc;t prime sur toute autre consid&eacute;ration, s&rsquo;est traduit par des positions qui m&eacute;nagent le &laquo; g&acirc;teau libyen &raquo;. Les d&eacute;clarations tr&egrave;s mesur&eacute;es des officiels fran&ccedil;ais, &eacute;tasuniens, italiens et autres, suite &agrave; l&rsquo;appel au jihad contre la Suisse par Kadhafi sont d&eacute;concertantes. Imaginons un instant quelle aurait &eacute;t&eacute; la tonalit&eacute; de ces d&eacute;clarations et l&rsquo;effervescence dans les couloirs du Conseil de s&eacute;curit&eacute; qui aurait suivi cette fatwa si elle avait &eacute;t&eacute; rendue par un responsable de l&rsquo;un des pays de &laquo; l&rsquo;axe du mal &raquo;. La r&eacute;v&eacute;rence affich&eacute;e par les officiels europ&eacute;ens &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard de Kadhafi, lors du sommet de la Ligue arabe de Syrte, allant jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; un baise main par Silvio Berlusconi lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;appr&ecirc;tait &agrave; prendre cong&eacute; du guide supr&ecirc;me, est venue nous rappeler cette triste v&eacute;rit&eacute;.<\/p>\n<h2>Mourir de faim plut&ocirc;t que se nourrir par un moyen indigne<\/h2>\n<p>L&rsquo;un des arguments qui planait sur les discussions concernant la crise libyenne concerne la &laquo; s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique et &eacute;conomique &raquo;. Alors, mythe ou r&eacute;alit&eacute; ? J&rsquo;ai tent&eacute; de r&eacute;pondre &agrave; cette question en proc&eacute;dant &agrave; une &eacute;valuation approximative en partant de quelques hypoth&egrave;ses de base.<\/p>\n<p>Concernant le volet &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique, les importations de la Libye en Suisse sont estim&eacute;es &agrave; 1 milliard 658 millions de francs, essentiellement des hydrocarbures sur un volume d&rsquo;importations total en 2007 de plus de 183 milliards de francs. Ceci repr&eacute;sente 0,9%. Le brut libyen repr&eacute;senterait 50% des importations totales de ce bien strat&eacute;gique. A cela il faut ajouter le fait que la Libye poss&egrave;de en Suisse une installation de raffinage et plus de 300 stations d&rsquo;essence. La crise avec la Libye ne devrait pas repr&eacute;senter une entrave &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cision politique souveraine, mais plut&ocirc;t une opportunit&eacute; pour revoir la politique &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique du pays. Une plus grande diversification est possible et essentielle. D&rsquo;autres producteurs d&rsquo;&eacute;nergie cr&eacute;dibles devraient &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;s.<\/p>\n<p>Concernant le volet &eacute;conomique, on note que :<\/p>\n<p>1) Les avoirs libyens dans les banques suisses en 2007, l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e qui a pr&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute; la crise, sont estim&eacute;s &agrave; 6,5 milliards de francs, sur une masse g&eacute;r&eacute;e de l&rsquo;ordre de 4900 milliards de francs (5,6 milliards de francs sur les 6,5 ont &eacute;t&eacute; finalement retir&eacute;s en 2008). Les avoirs libyens repr&eacute;sentaient donc, en 2007, 0,13% du total des avoirs dans les banques suisses. En supposant des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts nets pour les banques suisses de 10% et un taux d&rsquo;imposition sur ces int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts de 20% on obtient 130 millions de francs par an de revenus publics.<\/p>\n<p>2) Les exportations de la Suisse vers la Libye en 2007 sont estim&eacute;es &agrave; 278 millions de francs sur un montant des exportations totales de l&rsquo;ordre de 197 milliards de francs, ce qui repr&eacute;sente 0,14%. Avec un taux d&rsquo;imposition de 25% sur ces exportations vers la Libye, on obtient 70 millions de francs par an de revenus publics.<\/p>\n<p>Au total on aurait donc 200 millions de francs par an de revenus publics provenant de la Libye. En consid&eacute;rant une population suisse de pr&egrave;s de 7,6 millions &agrave; la fin de l&rsquo;ann&eacute;e 2007, on obtient un revenu annuel par habitant provenant des affaires commerciales avec la Libye de 26 francs 34 centimes, soit 7 centimes par jour, qui ne va pas dans la poche du citoyen mais sous forme de services publics. Ceci est &agrave; mettre en perspective et &agrave; comparer avec le produit int&eacute;rieur brut par habitant en Suisse pour 2007 qui &eacute;tait de 68&rsquo;394 par an. Cela repr&eacute;sente 0,04%.<\/p>\n<p>Un adage arabe dit : &laquo; Tamutu alhurratu wa la taakulu min thadiyiha &raquo; (La femme digne meurt de faim et ne mange pas de son sein). La question qui aurait d&ucirc; &ecirc;tre pos&eacute;e au citoyen suisse n&rsquo;est pas de savoir s&rsquo;il &eacute;tait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; mourir de faim pour &eacute;viter l&rsquo;humiliation, mais de savoir s&rsquo;il &eacute;tait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; prendre le risque hypoth&eacute;tique de r&eacute;duire son niveau de vie de moins de 0,1% pour pr&eacute;server sa dignit&eacute;, sachant que les habitants d&rsquo;autres pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s comme l&rsquo;Allemagne et la France vivent avec un PIB 30% plus bas. La r&eacute;ponse du citoyen est pr&eacute;visible. Une consultation populaire &mdash; si facile en Suisse &mdash; &agrave; ce sujet aurait eu plus de sens que celle sur les minarets.<\/p>\n<p>Mais il y a une autre facette &agrave; cette question. Pour une augmentation des services publics de 26 francs par an et par habitant, il y aurait une masse de 730 millions de francs encaiss&eacute;e par une &eacute;lite industrielle et financi&egrave;re en Suisse (profits li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation et aux int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts sur les avoirs libyens). Ainsi, pour ce petit nombre de privil&eacute;gi&eacute;s le revenu par an gr&acirc;ce aux affaires avec la Libye est &eacute;norme, ce qui donne un sens &agrave; la perception r&eacute;pandue en Suisse que ce sont les groupes industriels et financiers qui d&eacute;terminent la politique suisse en mati&egrave;re de gestion de la crise avec la Libye et qui dictent la conduite de l&rsquo;ambassadeur suisse &agrave; Tripoli.<\/p>\n<p>En conclusion, la Suisse g&egrave;rerait mieux des crises de la m&ecirc;me nature que celle issue de l&rsquo;&laquo; affaire Kadhafi &raquo; en respectant quatre r&egrave;gles d&rsquo;hygi&egrave;ne politique : R&egrave;gle 1 : Investir plus pour acqu&eacute;rir des &laquo; cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s &raquo; au monde arabe. R&egrave;gle 2 : Miser sur l&rsquo;&laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo; et bien l&rsquo;entretenir. R&egrave;gle 3 : Miser sur ses propres ressources et le soutien de sa population. R&egrave;gle 4 : Ne jamais subordonner sa politique ext&eacute;rieure exclusivement &agrave; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et s&rsquo;exposer ainsi au chantage politique.<\/p>\n<p>Pour terminer avec l&rsquo;&laquo; affaire Kadhafi &raquo;, la Suisse devra choisir entre deux approches : celle de l&rsquo;escalade par l&rsquo;agitation et celle de la d&eacute;sescalade par la s&eacute;r&eacute;nit&eacute;. Apr&egrave;s la mesure d&rsquo;entrave aux visas Schengen pour des ressortissants libyens, suivie par le refus du visa libyen aux citoyens de l&rsquo;Union europ&eacute;enne, suivi enfin par le retour en arri&egrave;re, la Suisse pourrait en arriver &agrave; demander la d&eacute;sint&eacute;gration de la &laquo; Grande Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste &raquo; et sa r&eacute;partition entre les pays limitrophes, appeler &agrave; une croisade contre ce pays et arr&ecirc;ter quelques citoyens libyens sur son sol. Elle pourrait au contraire d&eacute;clarer l&rsquo;incident clos, attendre la lib&eacute;ration de Max G&ouml;ldi une fois qu&rsquo;il aura purg&eacute; sa peine de quatre mois, respectant ainsi &laquo; l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance de la justice &raquo;, et d&eacute;clarer publiquement que si le d&eacute;tenu n&rsquo;est pas lib&eacute;r&eacute; au terme de cette peine, alors des mesures souveraines seront prises allant jusqu&rsquo;au retrait de Libye de toutes les entreprises suisses, voire la rupture des relations. Une retenue diplomatique et m&eacute;diatique devrait suivre cette d&eacute;claration. Une telle approche qui r&eacute;tablirait l&rsquo;&laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo; de la conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration contribuerait &agrave; r&eacute;soudre la crise plus vite que l&rsquo;on esp&egrave;re.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abbas Aroua<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h4><em>Courte Version<\/em><\/h4>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>Les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts d&rsquo;un Etat dans un pays &eacute;tranger sont prot&eacute;g&eacute;s soit par la possession de &laquo;cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s&raquo; &agrave; ce pays, soit par le recours &agrave; la \u00ab\u00a0force brute\u00a0\u00bb comme moyen de persuasion, soit par l&rsquo;usage de l&rsquo;&laquo;autorit&eacute; informel&raquo;, soit par la &laquo;d&eacute;fense par proxys&raquo; recourant &agrave; des amis influents, soit par la &laquo;compromission diplomatique&raquo;.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>La gestion de l&rsquo;&laquo;affaire Kadhafi&raquo; a r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; les limites de la politique suisse: une p&eacute;nurie en mati&egrave;re de &laquo;cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s&raquo; &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement culturel libyen, un effritement de l&rsquo;&laquo;autorit&eacute; informel&raquo; suisse, une difficult&eacute; &agrave; mobiliser des alli&eacute;s fiables, un manque de transparence, et une impression donn&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;opinion que la politique ext&eacute;rieure est subordonn&eacute;e quasi-exclusivement &agrave; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>Kadhafi est un b&eacute;douin qui baigne dans l&rsquo;univers des symboles. Le titre de &laquo;Roi des rois&raquo; qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;est arrog&eacute;, sa tenue et sa tente qui ne le quitte pas, nous le rappellent. Le b&eacute;douin est connu pour son hospitalit&eacute; sans mesure ; il serait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; tuer sa monture pour nourrir ses h&ocirc;tes. Mais il serait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; mourir pour d&eacute;fendre ou venger son honneur. Un adage populaire libyen dit : &laquo;A cause d&rsquo;une puce, il a br&ucirc;l&eacute; ses habits&raquo;. Un autre adage alg&eacute;rien dit : &laquo;sauvegarder le nez, m&ecirc;me &agrave; la perte de tout le reste&raquo; le nez symbolisant l&rsquo;honneur et la dignit&eacute;. Combien de batailles entre tribus se sont d&eacute;clench&eacute;es dans l&rsquo;antiquit&eacute; arabe &agrave; cause de quelques vers de po&eacute;sie malveillants. Il serait vain de chercher une explication rationnelle &agrave; ce type d&rsquo;attitudes et de comportements.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>L&rsquo;&laquo;Autorit&eacute; informel&raquo;, essentielle en diplomatie, si elle est bien entretenue, peut dresser un mur de protection symbolique. Mais elle requiert deux conditions : l&rsquo;assurance de soi et la disposition &agrave; prendre des risques mesur&eacute;s. La Suisse a des atouts lui permettant de construire une telle autorit&eacute; : absence d&rsquo;un pass&eacute; colonial, neutralit&eacute;, r&ocirc;le central dans le d&eacute;veloppement et la promotion du droit international humanitaire et des droits de l&rsquo;homme, etc.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>Mais l&rsquo;&laquo;autorit&eacute; informel&raquo; s&rsquo;effrite par des attitudes, comportements et d&eacute;clarations politiques refl&eacute;tant des incoh&eacute;rences, voire des contradictions, entre valeurs et principes d&rsquo;un c&ocirc;t&eacute;, et pratiques de l&rsquo;autre. Lorsqu&rsquo;un homme politique suisse d&eacute;clare esp&eacute;rer que les relations commerciales reprennent vite avec la Libye, avant m&ecirc;me que le conflit ne soit r&eacute;solu, c&rsquo;est le signe d&rsquo;une forte faiblesse que Kadhafi, &eacute;lev&eacute; dans la culture de &laquo;Meurt debout! &raquo;, a su exploiter pour tenter de mettre son interlocuteur &agrave; genou, en haussant progressivement le ton, jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; demander la d&eacute;sint&eacute;gration de la Conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration ou appeler au jihad contre ce pays. L&rsquo;&laquo;affaire Kadhafi&raquo; se pr&eacute;sentait potentiellement comme une crise majeure. La position officielle suisse devait alors &ecirc;tre prise dans la transparence et soutenue par le peuple suisse apr&egrave;s un d&eacute;bat national. Cela aurait renforc&eacute; l&rsquo;&laquo;autorit&eacute; informel&raquo; du pays.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>Un adage populaire arabe dit : &laquo;Rien ne gratte mieux ta peau que ton ongle, alors prend-toi en charge&raquo;. Miser uniquement sur le soutien de gouvernements &eacute;trangers s&rsquo;est r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; sans effet. D&rsquo;une part, la &laquo;solidarit&eacute; arabe&raquo; a bien fonctionn&eacute; ; la Suisse n&rsquo;a m&ecirc;me pas pu compter sur le soutien de la cat&eacute;gorie de gouvernements class&eacute;s &laquo;amis&raquo;, comme celui de l&rsquo;Alg&eacute;rie, qui a &eacute;t&eacute; le premier &agrave; afficher sa solidarit&eacute; avec Kadhafi et &agrave; influencer la Ligue arabe &agrave; adopter la m&ecirc;me position. D&rsquo;autre part, l&rsquo;&laquo;individualisme cupide&raquo; de certains pays europ&eacute;ens et am&eacute;ricains du nord s&rsquo;est traduit par des positions qui m&eacute;nagent le &laquo;g&acirc;teau libyen&raquo;. Les d&eacute;clarations mesur&eacute;es des officiels fran&ccedil;ais, &eacute;tasuniens, italiens et autres, suite &agrave; l&rsquo;appel au jihad contre la Suisse par Kadhafi sont d&eacute;concertantes. Imaginons un instant quelle aurait &eacute;t&eacute; la tonalit&eacute; de ces d&eacute;clarations et l&rsquo;effervescence dans les couloirs du Conseil de s&eacute;curit&eacute; qui aurait suivi cette fatwa si elle avait &eacute;t&eacute; rendue par un responsable de l&rsquo;un des pays de &laquo;l&rsquo;axe du mal&raquo;. La R&eacute;v&eacute;rence affich&eacute;e par les officiels europ&eacute;ens &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;gard de Kadhafi, lors du sommet de la Ligue arabe de Syrte, allant jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; un baisemain par Silvio Berlusconi lorsqu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;appr&ecirc;tait &agrave; prendre cong&eacute; du supr&ecirc;me guide est venue nous rappeler cette triste v&eacute;rit&eacute;.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>L&rsquo;un des arguments qui planait sur les discussions au sujet de la crise libyenne concerne la &laquo;s&eacute;curit&eacute; &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique et &eacute;conomique&raquo;. Les importations d&rsquo;hydrocarbures de Libye repr&eacute;sentent 50% des importations totales de ce bien strat&eacute;gique. La crise avec la Libye ne devrait pas constituer une entrave &agrave; la prise de d&eacute;cision politique souveraine, mais plut&ocirc;t une opportunit&eacute; pour revoir la politique &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique du pays. Une plus grande diversification est possible et essentielle. D&rsquo;autres producteurs d&rsquo;&eacute;nergie cr&eacute;dibles devraient &ecirc;tre consid&eacute;r&eacute;s. Par ailleurs, les avoirs libyen dans les Banques suisses en 2007, ann&eacute;e qui a pr&eacute;c&eacute;d&eacute; la crise, repr&eacute;sentaient 0.13% du total des avoirs dans les Banques Suisses, et les Exportations de la Suisse vers la Libye repr&eacute;sentaient 0.14% de la totalit&eacute; of Exportations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>On estime &agrave; 200 millions de francs les revenus publics provenant de la Libye, soit 0,04% du PIB par habitant par an, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire un peu plus de 26 francs par an et par habitant. Un adage arabe dit : &laquo;La femme digne meurt de faim et ne mange pas de son sein&raquo;. La question qui aurait d&ucirc; &ecirc;tre pos&eacute;e au citoyen suisse n&rsquo;est pas de savoir s&rsquo;il &eacute;tait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; mourir de faim pour &eacute;viter l&rsquo;humiliation, mais de savoir s&rsquo;il &eacute;tait pr&ecirc;t &agrave; prendre le risque hypoth&eacute;tique de r&eacute;duire son niveau de vie de moins de 0,1% pour sa pr&eacute;server dignit&eacute;, sachant que les habitants d&rsquo;autres pays d&eacute;velopp&eacute;s comme l&rsquo;Allemagne et la France vivent avec un PIB 30% plus bas. La r&eacute;ponse du citoyen est pr&eacute;visible. Une consultation populaire &#8211; si facile en Suisse &#8211; &agrave; ce sujet aurait eu plus de sens que celle sur les minarets.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>Mais il y a une autre facette &agrave; cette question. Pour une augmentation des services publics de 26 francs par an et par habitant, il y aurait une masse de 730 millions de francs encaiss&eacute;e par une &eacute;lite industrielle et financi&egrave;re en Suisse (profits li&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation et aux int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts sur les avoirs libyen). Ainsi, pour ce petit nombre de privil&eacute;gi&eacute;s le revenu par an gr&acirc;ce aux affaires avec la Libye est &eacute;norme, ce qui donne un sens &agrave; la perception r&eacute;pandue en Suisse que ce sont les groupes industriels et financiers qui d&eacute;terminent la politique suisse en mati&egrave;re de gestion de la crise avec la Libye et qui dictent la conduite de l&rsquo;ambassadeur suisse &agrave; Tripoli. la Suisse g&egrave;rerait mieux des crises de la m&ecirc;me nature que celle issue de l&rsquo;&laquo;affaire Kadhafi&raquo; en respectant quatre r&egrave;gles d&rsquo;hygi&egrave;ne politique: 1- Investir pour acqu&eacute;rir plus de &laquo;cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s&raquo; au monde arabe; 2- Miser sur l&rsquo;&laquo;autorit&eacute; informel&raquo; et bien l&rsquo;entretenir; 3- Miser sur ses propres ressources et le soutien de sa population; 4- Ne jamais subordonner sa politique ext&eacute;rieure exclusivement &agrave; l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et s&rsquo;exposer ainsi au chantage politique.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><span><span>Dans l&rsquo;&laquo;affaire Kadhafi&raquo; la Suisse devra choisir entre deux approches : celle de l&rsquo;escalade par l&rsquo;agitation et celle de la d&eacute;sescalade par la s&eacute;r&eacute;nit&eacute;. Elle pourrait demander la d&eacute;sint&eacute;gration de la &laquo; Grande Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste &raquo; et sa r&eacute;partition entre les pays limitrophes, appeler &agrave; une croisade contre ce pays et arr&ecirc;ter quelques citoyens libyens sur son sol. Elle pourrait au contraire d&eacute;clarer l&rsquo;incident clos, attendre la lib&eacute;ration de Max G&ouml;ldi une fois qu&rsquo;il aura purg&eacute; sa peine de quatre mois, respectant ainsi &laquo; l&rsquo;ind&eacute;pendance de la justice &raquo;, et d&eacute;clarer publiquement que si le d&eacute;tenu n&rsquo;est pas lib&eacute;r&eacute; au terme de cette peine, alors des mesures souveraines seront prises allant jusqu&rsquo;au retrait de Libye de toutes les entreprises suisses, voire la rupture des relations. Une retenue diplomatique et m&eacute;diatique devrait suivre cette d&eacute;claration. Une telle approche qui r&eacute;tablirait l&rsquo;&laquo; autorit&eacute; informelle &raquo; de la conf&eacute;d&eacute;ration contribuerait &agrave; r&eacute;soudre la crise plus vite que l&rsquo;on esp&egrave;re.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p align=\"justify\"><strong>Abbas Aroua<\/strong><br \/><span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h2>Kadhafi affair: How did we get here?<\/h2>\n<p><span><span>The culture is to be detected, essential element in the relationship between communities and nations, whether it is a friendly relationship or a relationship of forces. <\/span><span>Each cooperative and constructive exchange on the one hand forced a (purchase) recognizing the culture of others, on the other hand, the dominance of pages of a state concerning a nation or an ethnic group is also bound by a fundamental learning its culture. <\/span><span>In the 19th century this fact was recognized very early by the French and British harbingers of \u00ab\u00a0colonialist anthropology\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>In the field of international relations, the interests of a nation be protected in their relations with another nation in different ways. <\/span><span>There is the subtle way, which is the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the nation, to which one has it in, to acquire, for example, by controlling the cultural conduct and their elites makes docile. Then there is also the less subtle way. If one thinks, for example, to the relations with the Arab world, it is found that the United states often use the \u00ab\u00a0brute force\u00a0\u00bb as a means of persuasion: unique threats, open blackmail and attacks with Tomahawk. <\/span><span>You have to open the habit the \u00ab\u00a0Arab vaults\u00a0\u00bb with the help of bulldozers. Generally contact countries such as Russia and China in this part of the world \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb in order to maintain their privileges and to safeguard their own interests. <\/span><span>Countries with a colonial past, such as France and the United Kingdom, use a combination of both agents to the dictatorships and \u00ab\u00a0dominate\u00a0\u00bb the riches of the Arab world. The other countries that have neither \u00ab\u00a0brute force\u00a0\u00bb nor \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb have the choice of three ways to protect their interests: (a) the application of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb, (b) the \u00ab\u00a0defense by proxy\u00a0\u00bb by targeting friends recourse (countries, influential organization or person), then there intervene and provide assistance to, (c) or the \u00ab\u00a0diplomatic concession\u00a0\u00bb with its inevitable consequences: as \u00ab\u00a0political opposition\u00a0\u00bb and \u00ab\u00a0moral duplicity\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Coping with the generated by the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb crisis has laid bare the limits of Swiss foreign policy: (1) the lack of \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the cultural environment in Libya and the Arab culture in general, (2) informal a crumbling of the \u00a0\u00bb power \u00ab\u00a0and (3) the difficulty to mobilize reliable allies who would intervene in the conflict and provide assistance. the deal with a crisis of this kind has also suffered (4) under the lack of transparency, underlined by the particularly weak use of the Swiss people and (5) the impact, which consequently remains in the public that the foreign policy is almost exclusively subordinate to the imperative of the economy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>The nose and &#8230; the loss.<\/h2>\n<p><span><span>The (future) diplomats who are provided as representative for the Arab world, should at least every few aphorisms from Arab memorize (on this subject several anthologies have been published). <\/span><span>In a culture of orality, as is the case in the Arab world, there are, among other things, the wisdom, the transfer standards in society and they pass on from generation to generation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>The Bedouin is known for his extreme hospitality. <\/span><span>To cater for its guests, he would be willing to kill his mount. <\/span><span>He would also be ready to die to defend his honor and to avenge them. <\/span><span>He would spend his willing one million francs in legal fees in a lawsuit against someone who had just stolen one franc. <\/span><span>A wisdom from Libya says: \u00ab\u00a0Ala al-baghouth hrag al-JerD\u00a0\u00bb (Because of a flea, he has his clothes burned) An Algerian wisdom tells us. \u00ab\u00a0En-naif wel khsara\u00a0\u00bb (Preserves the nose, even if everything else is lost goes). <\/span><span>In Arab culture symbolizes the nose (en-naif, al-anf-al anafa) honor and dignity. <\/span><span>\u00ab\u00a0Preserving the nose\u00a0\u00bb means &#8211; to save face How many battles have not been triggered in the Arab antiquity because some mischievous poetry verses between strains It has to look no sense for a rational explanation for such an attitude or behavior&#8230;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Khadafi lives in a world of symbols. <\/span><span>The title he has gained illegally, \u00ab\u00a0King of Kings\u00a0\u00bb, his clothing and his tent, from which he never separates, are constantly present to remember. You should know how to act accordingly.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Dear die standing than live on my knees.<\/h2>\n<p><span><span>The \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb in diplomacy extremely important when it is well developed and maintained constant, it can form a symbolic protective wall but is demanding and requires two conditions, teachers know all too well:.. Self-confidence and willingness some estimated take risks.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Switzerland has many advantages that would allow her to create such a power: no colonial past, (positive) neutrality, a central role in the development, in the promotion and protection of international humanitarian law and human rights, the quality of industrial products and services and the like Switzerland&rsquo;s image is shaped by these components and reflects a real \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb. Unfortunately, the image is blurred by political attitudes, modes of behavior and statements to the inconsistencies and even contradictions between on the one hand the values \u200b\u200band principles and on the other hand reflect the behaviors.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>When a Swiss politician, rashly before the resolution of the conflict said he hopes trade relations with Libya would be resumed quickly, this is a strong sign of weakness, the Khadafi, of the culture of \u00ab\u00a0mout waguef!\u00a0\u00bb (Die upright has been standing) trained on his way has been able to exploit. he tries gradually to its knees his interlocutors, by raising the voice, calling for the disintegration of the Swiss Confederation or to the \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb against the country. <\/span><span>The strong measures such as the application of the visa ban come too late and are widely regarded as incapable even of the European Union.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Not scratching your skin better than your nail.<\/h2>\n<p><span><span>The \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb is just some secret negotiations requires no banal disapproval. From the beginning she joined potentially as a major crisis. The official position of Switzerland would therefore have to be unique to a national debate, and supported by the Swiss population. This would have led to the strengthening of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the country. <\/span><span>The lack of popular support for the government&rsquo;s policies energized effectively to discredit the partners. <\/span><span>One needs only the behavior of some Western governments vis-&agrave;-vis the Arab dictatorships who escaped the support of their own populations, observed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0Ma hakka jildaka mithlou dhoufrik. <\/span><span>Fatawalla anta amrak \u00ab\u00a0(Nothing scrapes better your skin than your nail. Yes, then stand on their own feet). Switzerland should not have to reckon with the support of some foreign governments, because this proved ineffective, even counterproductive. The \u00ab\u00a0Arab solidarity\u00a0\u00bb on the one hand this time works well. <\/span><span>Switzerland has not even count on the support of the governments, which are classified as \u00ab\u00a0friends\u00a0\u00bb;. How the government of Algeria She has been one of the first governments that Khadafi gave their solidarity known, followed by the Government of Tunisia . the League of Arab States was thus strongly encouraged to adopt the same position. the \u00ab\u00a0greedy individualism\u00a0\u00bb by some European and North American countries on the other hand only confirms that their own interests above all other considerations take precedence. <\/span><span>The effect can be found in the careful opinions to the \u00ab\u00a0coveted Libya\u00a0\u00bb. The moderate statements of the French, American, Italian and other governments with respect to the call to \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb by Khadafi against Switzerland, are disturbing. <\/span><span>Let us imagine, if this \u00ab\u00a0fatwa\u00a0\u00bb by one of the leaders of the countries that would have been adopted \u00ab\u00a0axis of evil\u00a0\u00bb, only once before, as the tone of the declarations and the excitement in the corridors of the Security Council would have been. <\/span><span>The publicized devotion of the official European representative in Khadafi has us sadly recalls the Arab League Summit in the Libyan city of Sirte in this truth than to Handkuss for the revolutionary leader and \u00ab\u00a0top Geschickelenker\u00a0\u00bb came the farewells at Silvio Berlusconi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Rather die of hunger than to feed thanks to unworthy means.<\/h2>\n<p><span><span>One of the arguments, which weighed on the talks on the crisis with Libya, concerning the \u00ab\u00a0energy and economic security.\u00a0\u00bb Yes, Myth or Reality? I have tried to answer this question by starting carried out by some basic requirements, an approximate estimate ,<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>It is estimated that imports from Libya to Switzerland in relation to energy, to CHF 1.658 bn. <\/span><span>In 2007, it was primarily oil, for a total amount of imports from all countries to Switzerland by more than 183 billion Swiss francs. <\/span><span>That means 0.9 percent. <\/span><span>The Libyan crude oil would mean 50 per cent of total imports of this strategy object. <\/span><span>One should add that Libya in Switzerland is owned by a refining device and also by more than 300 service stations. <\/span><span>The crisis with Libya should not be an obstacle to a sovereign political decision, but rather an opportunity to the energy policy of the country to reconsider. <\/span><span>Diversification is possible and indispensable. <\/span><span>Other credible energy producers should be considered.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Regarding the economics part can be stated as follows:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>1) Before the crisis, in 2007, the Libyan deposits in Swiss banks are estimated at CHF 6.5 billion, from a managed volume of CHF 4900 billion (5.6 billion francs from 6.5 billion been finally lifted in 2008). <\/span><span>In 2007, therefore the Libyan deposits represented 0.13 percent of the total amount of deposits in the Swiss banks. <\/span><span>Suppose the net interest amounts for the Swiss banks 10 percent, with a tax rate of 20 percent on that interest, are obtained per year CHF 130 million of income for the state.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>2) In 2007, the exports of Switzerland to Libya are estimated at 278 million francs for a total amount of exports in the order of CHF 197 billion, which is 0.14 percent. <\/span><span>With a tax rate of 25 percent on those exports to Libya are obtained per year an income of 70 million Swiss francs for the state.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Seen overall one would therefore a state income of CHF 200 million, which comes from Libya. <\/span><span>If you consider that there were the end of 2007 about 7.6 million people in Switzerland, you will receive an annual per capita income of 26 francs and 34 centimes, that originates from the commercial transactions with Libya, that is 7 cents per day, but not go into the pocket of the citizens, but are ready for government spending. <\/span><span>One should this keep a close watch and compare it with the gross domestic product per capita in Switzerland from 2007, which amounted to CHF 68.394 per year. <\/span><span>That is 0.04 percent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>An Arabic maxim says. \u00ab\u00a0Tamutu alhurratu wa la taakulu min thadiyiha\u00a0\u00bb (The graceful woman dying of hunger and eats not of her chest) The question of Swiss citizens would have to ask, was not whether he was willing to hunger to die, to avoid humiliation, but if he was prepared to take the hypothetical risk their standard of living to reduce by less than 0.1 percent, only to preserve his dignity, because he knows that the citizens of other developed countries, such as Germany and France, living with a GDP that is 30 percent lower the citizen response is predictable a referendum on this subject -.. so easy in Switzerland &#8211; would have had more sense than that on minarets.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>But there is another facet to this question. <\/span><span>To increase the public service of 26 francs per year and per inhabitant, there will be a volume of CHF 730 million, which will be due from the industrial and financial elite in Switzerland (export-related gains and interest on the Libyan bank). <\/span><span>Consequently, the annual income, thanks to the business with Libya, huge for this small number of privileged people. <\/span><span>If these calculations are not too far removed from reality, they would be widespread in Switzerland considers substance, that it is the industrial and financial groups that determine Swiss policy on tackling the crisis with Libya and the behavior of the Swiss Ambassador in Tripoli would dictate.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Finally, true to say that Switzerland would better cope with similar crises like the Khadafi affair if they would respect the four rule of political hygiene: Rule No.1:. Invest more to the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the Arab world to acquire Rule. 2: Add to the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb and maintain them. <\/span><span>Rule no. 3: yourself up for their own resources and to support its population. <\/span><span>Rule no. 4: no exclusive submit your foreign policy imperatives of the economy and thereby exposing themselves to the political blackmail.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>To end the \u00ab\u00a0affair-Khadafi\u00a0\u00bb Switzerland will have to choose between two approaches: the escalation of the conflict by agitation and by calm behavior After the restrictive visa measures against Libyans, followed by the refusal of a visa for the de-escalation. Libya for the citizens of the European Union, Switzerland some Libyan citizens could go as far as requiring the disintegration of the \u00ab\u00a0Great Socialist people&rsquo;s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\u00a0\u00bb and its re-partition of the neighboring countries, or call for a crusade against the country and on the Swiss territory arrest. <\/span><span>It could, however, quite to the contrary, declare the case definitively, wait for the release of Max G&ouml;ldi, until he is serving his sentence of four months, and thus to respect \u00ab\u00a0the independence of the judiciary\u00a0\u00bb. You could then also publicly declare that if the detainees would not be released at the end of his sentence, sovereign measures would be taken, which could lead to the elimination of Libya from all Swiss companies, and even to break off relations. A diplomatic as well as medial restraint should, during the three months the will follow the statement observed. Such an approach would restore the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the Swiss Confederation and contribute to the crisis more quickly to solve, as one hopes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span><span>Abbas Aroua<\/span><\/span><\/strong><br \/><span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span><span>Translation from French by Monica Hostettler<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><!--nextpage--><\/p>\n<h2>Kadhafi affair: How did we get here?<\/h2>\n<h4><em>Short Version<\/em><\/h4>\n<p><span><span>The interests of a state in another country are secured either by mastering the \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb of that country or, by resorting to \u00ab\u00a0brute force\u00a0\u00bb as a means of persuasion, or the use of \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb, or the \u00ab\u00a0defense by proxy\u00a0\u00bb by resorting to influential friends, as well as through the \u00ab\u00a0diplomatic concession\u00a0\u00bb coping with the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb has revealed the limits of Swiss politics:. the lack of \u00ab\u00a0key\u00a0\u00bb to the cultural environment in Libya, the disintegration of the \u00a0\u00bb informal power \u00ab\u00a0to mobilize the difficulty reliable allies, the lack of transparency, and the remainder in the public impression that the foreign policy is almost exclusively subordinate to the imperative of the economy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Khadafi is a Bedouin who lives in a world of symbols. <\/span><span>The title he has appropriated itself, \u00ab\u00a0King of Kings\u00a0\u00bb, his clothing and his tent, from which he never separates, remind us. The Bedouin is known for its unmeasured hospitality. To cater for its guests, he would be willing to kill his mount and he would also be ready to die to defend his honor or avenge a philosophy on life from Libya says.. \u00ab\u00a0Because of a flea, he has his clothes burned\u00a0\u00bb and an Algerian wisdom: \u00ab\u00a0Keep your nose, even if all else is lost. \u00ab\u00a0the nose symbolizes the honor and dignity. How many battles are not in Arab antiquity because biting poetry stanzas between tribes was triggered. It is useless for a rational explanation for search such an attitude or behavior.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>\u00ab\u00a0Informal power\u00a0\u00bb in diplomacy indispensable because it can, if it is maintained constant, form a symbolic abatement wall requires two conditions:.. Enter into self-confidence and willingness some estimated risks Switzerland has advantages that would allow her such set up a power: no colonial past, neutrality, a central role in the development, promotion and protection of international humanitarian law and human rights, etc. through political attitudes, modes of behavior and statements, the inconsistencies and the contradictions between on the one hand the values \u200b\u200band principles and on the other hand the behavior reflect, comes the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb to crumble. <\/span><span>When a Swiss politician would explain that he hoped trade relations with Libya, before the settlement of the conflict be resumed quickly, this is a strong sign of weakness, the Khadafi, who has been \u00ab\u00a0upright Die!\u00a0\u00bb In the culture of educated, in its own way has been able to exploit to force his interlocutors to its knees by gradually the voice rises, calling for the disintegration of the Confederation or the \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb against Switzerland.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Potential joined the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi affair\u00a0\u00bb as a major crisis. The official position would therefore to a national debate should be clear and supported by the Swiss population. This would have led to the strengthening of the \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb of the country. <\/span><span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0Nothing scrapes better your skin than your nail. <\/span><span>Yes, then stand on their own feet \u00ab\u00a0. As can be expected with the support of some foreign governments, proved ineffective. The\u00a0\u00bb Arab solidarity \u00ab\u00a0has time works well. <\/span><span>Switzerland has not even with the support of governments, such as Algeria, estimated as \u00ab\u00a0friends\u00a0\u00bb, count. She has been one of the first governments that Khadafi gave their solidarity known it the Arab League has influenced so it takes the same position. the \u00ab\u00a0mercenary individualism\u00a0\u00bb of certain European and North American countries expressed by the cautious statements to the \u00ab\u00a0coveted Libya\u00a0\u00bb from. the moderate declarations of French, US, Italian and official from other representatives after the call by Khadafi to \u00ab\u00a0jihad\u00a0\u00bb against Switzerland, are disturbing. <\/span><span>Let us imagine, if this \u00ab\u00a0fatwa\u00a0\u00bb by one of the leaders of the countries that would have been adopted \u00ab\u00a0axis of evil\u00a0\u00bb, just in front, as the tone of the declarations and the excitement would have been in the corridors of the Security Council. <\/span><span>The publicized devotion of the official European representative in Khadafi has us sadly recalls the Arab League Summit in the Libyan city of Sirte in this truth than to Handkuss for the revolutionary leader and \u00ab\u00a0top Geschickelenker\u00a0\u00bb came the farewells at Silvio Berlusconi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>One of the arguments that weighed on the talks on the crisis with Libya, concerning the \u00ab\u00a0energy and economic security.\u00a0\u00bb The import of Libyan oil represents 50 percent of total imports of this strategy object. The crisis with Libya should not be an obstacle to a sovereign political decision but rather an opportunity to the energy policy of the country to reconsider. diversification is possible and indispensable. Other credible energy producers should be considered. Before the crisis, in 2007, presented in the rest of the Libyan deposits in Swiss banks 0.13 percent of total of deposits in the Swiss banks represent and exports of Switzerland to Libya 0.14 percent. It is estimated that annual national income, coming from Libya, to CHF 200 million, slightly more than 26 francs per year and per inhabitant, ie 0.04 per cent of GDP per capita. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>An Arabic maxim says: \u00ab\u00a0the graceful woman dying of hunger and fed not from her breast\u00a0\u00bb. <\/span><span>The question that one would have the Swiss citizens should ask, was not whether he was ready to die of hunger, to avoid humiliation, but rather whether he was willing to take the hypothetical risk and reduce less than 0.1 percent its living standards, in order to preserve his dignity. <\/span><span>He knows that the inhabitants live from other developed countries, such as Germany and France, with a GDP that is 30 percent lower. <\/span><span>The citizen response is predictable. <\/span><span>A referendum on this subject &#8211; so simple in Switzerland &#8211; would have had more sense than that on minarets. <\/span><span>But there is another facet to this topic. <\/span><span>To increase the public service of 26 francs per year and per capita, there will be a volume of CHF 730 million, which will be due from the industrial and financial elite in Switzerland (export-related gains and interest on the Libyan bank). <\/span><span>For this small number of privileged people is the annual income, thanks to the business with Libya, enormous. <\/span><span>This would be widespread in Switzerland considers substance, that it is the industrial and financial groups that determine Swiss policy on tackling the crisis with Libya and which would dictate the behavior of the Swiss ambassador in Tripoli.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span><span>Switzerland would better deal with crises like the Khadafi affair if they would respect the four rule of political hygiene. 1. Acquire more invest to the \u00ab\u00a0keys\u00a0\u00bb to the Arab world to put 2. \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb and maintain them. <\/span><span>3. Insert yourself for their own resources and to support its population. <\/span><span>4. Never exclusively subordinate their foreign policy imperatives of the economy and thereby exposing themselves to the political blackmail. <\/span><span>To end the \u00ab\u00a0Khadafi- affair\u00a0\u00bb Switzerland will have to choose between two courses of action:. The escalation of the conflict by agitation or the de-escalation by calm behavior you could disintegration of the \u00ab\u00a0Great Socialist People&rsquo;s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya\u00a0\u00bb and their require re-partition of the neighboring countries, to call for a crusade against the country and arrested several Libyan nationals on the Swiss territory. <\/span><span>It could, however, on the contrary, declare the case definitively, wait for the release of Max G&ouml;ldi, until he is serving his four-month sentence, and thereby respect \u00ab\u00a0the independence of the judiciary\u00a0\u00bb and publicly declare that if the detainees at the end of his sentence would not be released, sovereign measures would be taken, which could lead to the exit of Libya from all Swiss companies, and even to break off relations. a diplomatic as well as medial restraint should follow this declaration. such an approach would \u00ab\u00a0informal power\u00a0\u00bb Making the Confederation again and contribute to the crisis more quickly to solve, as one hopes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span><span>Abbas Aroua<\/span><\/span><\/strong><br \/><span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span><span>Translation from French by Monica Hostettler<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00ab\u00a0La culture est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment essentiel &agrave; appr&eacute;hender dans toute relation entre communaut&eacute;s et nations, que cette relation soit un lien amical ou un rapport de force.\u00a0\u00bb Dr. Abbas Aroua<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":122,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-123","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-contributions"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/\" \/>\n<link rel=\"next\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00ab\u00a0La culture est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment essentiel &agrave; appr&eacute;hender dans toute relation entre communaut&eacute;s et nations, que cette relation soit un lien amical ou un rapport de force.\u00a0\u00bb Dr. Abbas Aroua\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-03-30T21:43:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"610\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"405\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"42 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0a76d9365b1b8c6b5265567c49ee79df\"},\"headline\":\"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ?\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-03-30T21:43:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":8370,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2010\\\/03\\\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Contributions\"],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/\",\"name\":\"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2010\\\/03\\\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-03-30T21:43:37+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2010\\\/03\\\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2010\\\/03\\\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg\",\"width\":610,\"height\":405},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"name\":\"Cordoba Peace Institute - Gen\u00e8ve CPI\",\"description\":\"CPI Gen\u00e8ve | 20 ans aux service de la paix\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Cordoba Peace Institute - Gen\u00e8ve CPI\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/CPI-Geneva.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/3\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/CPI-Geneva.png\",\"width\":740,\"height\":740,\"caption\":\"Cordoba Peace Institute - Gen\u00e8ve CPI\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/0a76d9365b1b8c6b5265567c49ee79df\",\"name\":\"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/cf6a4ecb9e914acddd89e4c4cbc3c6fdccfd6614c26ec3023ce0173515d50eff?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/cf6a4ecb9e914acddd89e4c4cbc3c6fdccfd6614c26ec3023ce0173515d50eff?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/cf6a4ecb9e914acddd89e4c4cbc3c6fdccfd6614c26ec3023ce0173515d50eff?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/cpi-geneva.org\\\/fr\\\/author\\\/corwebmaster\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/","next":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/2\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais","og_description":"\u00ab\u00a0La culture est un &eacute;l&eacute;ment essentiel &agrave; appr&eacute;hender dans toute relation entre communaut&eacute;s et nations, que cette relation soit un lien amical ou un rapport de force.\u00a0\u00bb Dr. Abbas Aroua","og_url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/","og_site_name":"Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais","article_published_time":"2010-03-30T21:43:37+00:00","og_image":[{"width":610,"height":405,"url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u00c9crit par":"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva","Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"42 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/"},"author":{"name":"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/0a76d9365b1b8c6b5265567c49ee79df"},"headline":"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ?","datePublished":"2010-03-30T21:43:37+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/"},"wordCount":8370,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg","articleSection":["Contributions"],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/","url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/","name":"Affaire Kadhafi : Comment en-est on arriv\u00e9 l\u00e0 ? - Cordoba Peace Institute | Fran\u00e7ais","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg","datePublished":"2010-03-30T21:43:37+00:00","inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/affaire-kadhafi-comment-en-est-on-arrive-la\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg","width":610,"height":405},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/","name":"Cordoba Peace Institute - Gen\u00e8ve CPI","description":"CPI Gen\u00e8ve | 20 ans aux service de la paix","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#organization","name":"Cordoba Peace Institute - Gen\u00e8ve CPI","url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2025\/12\/CPI-Geneva.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2025\/12\/CPI-Geneva.png","width":740,"height":740,"caption":"Cordoba Peace Institute - Gen\u00e8ve CPI"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/0a76d9365b1b8c6b5265567c49ee79df","name":"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cf6a4ecb9e914acddd89e4c4cbc3c6fdccfd6614c26ec3023ce0173515d50eff?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cf6a4ecb9e914acddd89e4c4cbc3c6fdccfd6614c26ec3023ce0173515d50eff?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/cf6a4ecb9e914acddd89e4c4cbc3c6fdccfd6614c26ec3023ce0173515d50eff?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"C\u00f2rdoba Geneva"},"url":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/author\/corwebmaster\/"}]}},"featured_image_src":{"landsacpe":["https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg",610,405,false],"list":["https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi-463x348.jpg",463,348,true],"medium":["https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi-300x199.jpg",300,199,true],"full":["https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2010\/03\/GaddafiHannibal-Goeldi.jpg",610,405,false]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=123"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/123\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/122"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=123"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}