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\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n *\u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0627: \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0634\u0648\u0637-\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n (1) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062f\u00a0\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 2014\u060c \u0635 160.<\/p>\n (2) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u063525 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n (3) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c 6 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631\/\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0637 2013\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 4 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\/\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2019:<\/p>\n http:\/\/aqlame.com\/article11926.html<\/a> <\/p>\n (4) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 233.<\/p>\n (5) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n En Afrique, le fantasme d’une « communauté peule » radicalisée, Le Monde, Publié le 05 septembre 2018, vu le 5 Avril 2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2018\/09\/05\/en-afrique-le-fantasme-d-une-communaute-peule-radicalisee_5350692_3212.html<\/a> <\/p>\n (6) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a.. \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 9 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\/\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2019 \u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 7 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\/\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2019:<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.qiraatafrican.com\/home\/new<\/a> \/<\/p>\n (7) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064f\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c 21 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\/\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0632 2016\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 6 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\/\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2019:<\/p>\n http:\/\/cmers.org\/2011-10-01-10-18-38\/167-2016-07-21-15-36-15<\/a><\/p>\n (8) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Boukary Sangare, Peuls et djihadisme dans les pays du Sahel et d’Afrique de l’Ouest, Observatoire du monde arabo-musulman et du Sahel, Fondation pour la recherche stratégique, publié le 8\/2\/2019, vu le 5 Avril 2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.frstrategie.org\/programmes\/observatoire-du-monde-arabo-musulman-et-du-sahel\/peuls-et-djihadisme-dans-les-pays-du-sahel-et-d-afrique-de-l-ouest-201911<\/a><\/p>\n (9) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Le centre du Mali abandonné à la violence des milices, France 24, Première publication: 28\/03\/2019, vu le 5 Avril 2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.france24.com\/fr\/20190326-centre-mali-violence-milices-peuls-dogons-jihadistes-ddr<\/a><\/p>\n (10) \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0650\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n (11) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u00bb \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n (12) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Audience : IBK, reçoit les Chasseurs ou \u00a0\u00bb donzo \u00a0\u00bb du Mali, publié le 9\/4\/2019, vu le 10 Avril 2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/web.facebook.com\/malinouveau\/posts\/audience-ibk-re%C3%A7oit-les-chasseurs-ou-donzo-du-malile-pr%C3%A9sident-de-la-r%C3%A9publique-\/746925022165021\/?_rdc=1&_rdr<\/a> <\/p>\n (13) \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u00ab\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u00bb\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 233.<\/p>\n (14) \u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u060c 19 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\/\u062d\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 2018\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 7 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644\/\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0646 2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/programs\/newsreports\/2018\/6\/19\/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86<\/a><\/p>\n (15) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Dissolution de la milice Dan Amassagou : Quand Youssouf Toloba défie l’État!, Par bamada.net le 29\/03\/2019, vu le 4\/4\/2019:<\/p>\n http:\/\/bamada.net\/dissolution-de-la-milice-dan-amassagou-quand-youssouf-toloba-defie-letat<\/a><\/p>\n (16) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Bokar Sangaré\u0648 Sahel: le recours aux milices locales pour lutter contre le terrorisme envenime les conflits communautaires, Justice Info, 25\/05\/2018, vu le 7\/4\/2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.justiceinfo.net\/fr\/reconciliation\/37604-sahel-a-la-frontiere-mali-niger-il-y-a-une-absence-d-anticipation-des-effets-de-la-lutte-anti-terro.html<\/a><\/p>\n (17) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Sahel : Barkhane face au défi des affrontements entre communautés, Le Point.fr Publié le 08\/01\/2019 , vu le 8\/4\/2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.lepoint.fr\/afrique\/sahel-barkhane-face-au-defi-des-affrontements-entre-communautes-08-01-2019-2284077_3826.php<\/a><\/p>\n (18) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Daouda ZONGO: Human Right Watch accuse les armées malienne et burkinabè de «graves violations» des droits humains, 9 septembre 2017 , vu le 8\/4\/2019:<\/p>\n https:\/\/www.wakatsera.com\/human-right-watch-accuse-les-armees-malienne-et-burkinabe-de-graves-violations-des-droits-humains<\/a><\/p>\n (19) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/p>\n Michel Lachkar: Le réchauffement climatique aggrave les conflits entre éleveurs et cultivateurs, publié le 23\/04\/2018, vu le 9\/4\/2019:<\/p>\n\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u0642\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629<\/h3>\n
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