{"id":596,"date":"2016-12-13T06:47:08","date_gmt":"2016-12-13T06:47:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/ar\/2016\/12\/13\/the-cordoba-update-21-2016\/"},"modified":"2023-04-27T16:14:31","modified_gmt":"2023-04-27T15:14:31","slug":"the-cordoba-update-21-2016","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/ar\/the-cordoba-update-21-2016\/","title":{"rendered":"The Cordoba Update 21\/2016"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!-- {lofimg src=\"\/images\/stories\/Cordoba-Update_logo.jpg\"} --><\/p>\n<div><strong>29<sup>th<\/sup> November &#8211; 12<sup>th<\/sup> December 2016<br \/><\/strong><\/div>\n<div>Cordoba Foundation of Geneva<em><br \/><\/em><\/div>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<style scoped=\"scoped\" type=\"text\/css\"><!--\ntd {\n\t\t\tbackground: #f5f4ef none repeat scroll 0 0;\n\t\t\tvertical-align: top;\n\t\t\tpadding: 6px 12px;\n\t\t}\n\t\ttd.cuintro {\n\t\t\tbackground: #F7FAFE none repeat scroll 0 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\tul {\n\t\t\tmargin: 0 0.5em 0 1em;\n\t\t\tpadding: 0;\n\t\t}\n\t\tli {\n\t\t\tmargin-bottom: 0;\n\t\t\tpadding-left: 9px;\n\t\t\ttext-align: left;\n\t\t}\n--><\/style>\n<div>\n<table border=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%;\" cellspacing=\"4\" cellpadding=\"4\" align=\"center\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"cuintro\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">The bi-weekly CORDOBA UPDATE is the product of continuous monitoring work, carried out by the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva team. By analysing and reporting on key events and trends in the Foundation&rsquo;s areas of interest, we aim to draw readers&rsquo; attention to pertinent developments in North Africa, the Sahel, West Asia and Europe, which are not always covered in &lsquo;mainstream&rsquo; media.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">In addition to sharing news from these four regions, the Cordoba Update is an opportunity for the Foundation to provide regular updates on its publications, events and other developments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">In line with the programmes and projects funded by partners of the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva, updates and information are included under the following themes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Islamist-Secular relations;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Transition and Political participation;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Relations between communities of different ethnic, cultural and religious affiliations;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Violent extremism and the war on terror;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">The Cordoba Foundation of Geneva in the media;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">General information.<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">For questions and\/or feedback regarding the content and form of the Cordoba Update, please contact Sarah Franck: <a href=\"mailto:sarah.franck@cordoue.ch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sarah.franck@cordoue.ch<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<hr style=\"border-top: 1px solid #cccccc; border-bottom: none; width: 50%; margin: auto;\" \/>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Le CORDOBA UPDATE est un bimensuel qui pr&eacute;sente le travail continu de suivi r&eacute;alis&eacute; par l&#8217;&eacute;quipe de la Fondation Cordoue de Gen&egrave;ve. Par l&rsquo;analyse des &eacute;v&eacute;nements et tendances qui concernent les domaines d&#8217;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de la Fondation, nous visons &agrave; attirer l&#8217;attention de nos lecteurs sur les d&eacute;veloppements pertinents en Afrique du Nord, dans le Sahel, en Asie de l&rsquo;Ouest et en Europe, une actualit&eacute; qui n&rsquo;est pas toujours couverte dans les m&eacute;dias dits &lsquo;traditionnels&rsquo;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Outre le partage de l&rsquo;actualit&eacute; de ces quatre r&eacute;gions, le &laquo; Cordoba Update &raquo; est un moyen pour la Fondation de fournir des mises &agrave; jour r&eacute;guli&egrave;res sur ses publications, &eacute;v&eacute;nements et autres d&eacute;veloppements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">En accord avec les programmes et projets financ&eacute;s par les partenaires de la Fondation Cordoue de Gen&egrave;ve, les mises &agrave; jour et informations concernent les th&egrave;mes suivants :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Relations islamistes-s&eacute;culiers ;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Transition et participation politique ;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Relations entre communaut&eacute;s de diff&eacute;rentes affiliations ethniques, culturelles et religieuses ;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">L&#8217;extr&eacute;misme violent et la guerre contre le terrorisme ;<br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">La Fondation Cordoue de Gen&egrave;ve dans les m&eacute;dias ;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Information g&eacute;n&eacute;rale.<br \/><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\">Pour des questions et \/ ou des commentaires concernant le contenu et la forme du Cordoba Update, veuillez contacter Sarah Franck : <a href=\"mailto:sarah.franck@cordoue.ch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sarah.franck@cordoue.ch<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #902323;\"><strong>ISLAMIST-SECULAR RELATIONS \/ RELATIONS ENTRE S&Eacute;CULIERS ET ISLAMISTES<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>No contribution on this topic<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #902323;\"><strong>TRANSITION AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION \/ TRANSITION ET PARTICIPATION POLITIQUE<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Cross-regional, 11.11.2016: Surur, Leading Scholar of Haraki Salafism Dies<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>One of the major developments in the Islamist movements landscape this year was the death of Sheikh Muhammad Surur, this November. Surur started in the Muslim Brotherhood school of thought then gradually moved into the Haraki Salafi activist current within Salafism. Salafi Harakis object to absolute submission to the ruler. They combine the Salafi creed with Muslim Brotherhood activism and organisational strategy. Unlike the Purist Salafi current, Haraki Salafis support political engagement in order to change the Muslim community through gradual political reform and civic engagement. Sururi Salafis also pay special attention to international relations. Sheikh Surur is considered one the main ideologues of Haraki Salafism, which he embraced after he left Syria, the countrz of his birth, and took up residence in Saudi Arabia, where he encountered exiled Muslim Brotherhood members who had fled Jamal Abdel Nasser&#8217;s repression in the 1960s. Sururi Salafis had a difficult relationship with the Saudi ruling establishment. In 1990, following Saddam Hussein&#8217;s invasion of Kuwait and Riyadh&#8217;s request of US protection and liberation of Kuwait, Sururi scholars disagreed with the ruling establishment. The latter&#8217;s crackdown on them was merciless. They then had to go into exile or remain in prison. In their exile in London they set up Al Muntada Trust, which established a vast network of schools, publications, charities, NGOs, medical relief aid action, and radio stations, especially in Africa. Some Haraki Salafi groups decided to set up political parties in the wake of the 2011 uprisings. This was the case of Al-Rashad Party in Yemen, for example. In Saudi Arabia, the current is known as Al Sahwa (the awakening) and scholar Salam Al Aouda is one of the prominent figures of this activist Salafi current that calls for political reform. Al Aouda was in house custody under the late King Abdullah. One month after King Salman was enthroned he lifted the house arrest order. Surur died in Doha and his death was felt throughout the Muslim world.<\/p>\n<p><em>Links for more information:<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/cordoue.ch\/images\/stories\/pdf\/Papers\/CFG_Salafiscape.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/cordoue.ch\/images\/stories\/pdf\/Papers\/CFG_Salafiscape.pdf<\/a> (Salafi-scape paper by CFG)<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muhammad_Surur\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muhammad_Surur<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/icons\/2016\/11\/13\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.aljazeera.net\/encyclopedia\/icons\/2016\/11\/13\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Egypt, 5-10.12.16, Sisi: God is on our side<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Referring to terrorist groups, Egypt&#8217;s Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi said, &#8220;They want to destroy and terrorize the children, the women, and the elders.&#8221; He added &#8220;I want to tell them that God is on our side and those who can defeat God can defeat us.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Egypt&#8217;s Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi defended the tough economic measures undertaken by his government, saying there was no alternative in the face of a financial crisis. &#8220;Structural reforms&#8221; are an imperative for Egypt, he said on Thursday (9 Dec.) during a speech in honor of the upcoming birthday of the Prophet Muhammad, while acknowledging that the newly implemented measures are no &#8220;picnic.&#8221; He added that the country&#8217;s currency, the pound, was not valued fairly against the dollar but that the exchange rate would reach equilibrium after a few months. In the address, el-Sisi repeatedly called for a new Muslim religious discourse, making the fight against extremism a priority. He said religious extremism poses a &#8220;huge intellectual battle&#8221; in addition to the &#8220;security and military measures [needed] to combat terrorism.&#8221; The Washington Post wrote that &#8220;the austerity measures were hailed by the IMF and the business community, but could spark a popular backlash against el-Sissi.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A week ago, a ruling by the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) branded Article 10 of the law regulating peaceful protests as unconstitutional. The annulled article had given the Interior Ministry the authority to ban any protest it deemed a threat to public order. The ruling came in response to a lawsuit filed by leading rights lawyer Khaled Ali in which he petitioned for articles 8 and 10 of the protest law to be annulled on the grounds that they violated the constitution.<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, an overwhelming majority of the Egyptian parliament passed legislation regulating nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), with virtually no debate. Amr Hamzawy, a senior associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, wrote that &#8220;the vote once again emphasizes how the rubber-stamp role of parliament enables Egypt&#8217;s new autocracy under President Abdel Fatah al-Sissi&#8217;s government.&#8221; He added &#8220;similar to legislation passed in the past three years such as the protest law and the anti-terrorism law, the new legislation practically eliminates freedom of association and freedom of expression, both of which are enshrined in the Egyptian constitution. It subjects NGOs to draconian government control, threatens to wipe out civil society and leaves citizens who engage in peaceful activism in paralyzing fear of immediate state repression.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, security forces have arrested the son of ousted Islamist President Mohammed Morsi. The official says that Osama Morsi was wanted by authorities, without providing further details. The state-run news website Al-Ahram reported the arrest, saying Osama is accused of inciting violence.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, Minister of Foreign Affairs Sameh Shoukry said that the goal of his visit to the United States is to follow up on bilateral relations, and for initial communication with the administration of US president-elect Donald Trump. Shoukry delivered a speech at a forum organized by the Brookings Institute&#8217;s Saban Centre for Middle East Policy. In his speech, Shoukry said that Egypt&#8217;s vision of a solution to the current turmoil in Syria lies on two main pillars. The first is to preserve national unity and territorial integrity and to prevent the collapse of Syrian institutions. The second is to support the aspirations of the Syrian people to rebuild Syria through a political solution. Shoukry also touched upon the turmoil in Libya and Yemen, adding that the Palestinians can no longer be denied their right in an independent state.<\/p>\n<p><em>Links for more information:<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.albawabaeg.com\/90632\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.albawabaeg.com\/90632<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/251617\/Egypt\/Politics-\/Egypts-Sisi-says-recent-economic-reforms-inevitabl.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/english.ahram.org.eg\/NewsContent\/1\/64\/251617\/Egypt\/Politics-\/<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/egypt-president-says-his-economic-reforms-are-no-picnic\/2016\/12\/08\/fc2d1110-bd32-11e6-ae79-bec72d34f8c9_story.html?utm_term=.3adff92f7e31\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/egypt-president-says-his-economic-reforms<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/global-opinions\/wp\/2016\/12\/06\/new-ngo-legislation-takes-egypt-down-a-dangerous-path\/?utm_term=.7be8156a32e4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/global-opinions\/wp\/2016\/12\/06\/new-ngo-legislation-takes-egypt<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/weekly.ahram.org.eg\/News\/19097\/17\/Judges-given-final-say-on-protests.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/weekly.ahram.org.eg\/News\/19097\/17\/Judges-given-final-say-on-protests<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/weekly.ahram.org.eg\/News\/19094\/17\/NGO-law-approved-by-parliament.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/weekly.ahram.org.eg\/News\/19094\/17\/NGO-law-approved-by-parliament<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/egyptian-authorities-arrest-son-of-ousted-president-morsi\/2016\/12\/08\/d389b8d8-bd52-11e6-ae79-bec72d34f8c9_story.html?utm_term=.41fa8f22137f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle_east\/egyptian-authorities-arrest-son-of-ousted-president-morsi<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/weekly.ahram.org.eg\/News\/19099\/17\/Getting-ready-for-President-Trump.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/weekly.ahram.org.eg\/News\/19099\/17\/Getting-ready-for-President-Trump<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailynewsegypt.com\/2016\/12\/04\/us-visit-for-initial-communication-with-trump-administration-foreign-minister\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.dailynewsegypt.com\/2016\/12\/04\/us-visit-for-initial-communication-with-trump<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Mali, 11.12.2016 : Appel pour le financement du programme de d&eacute;sarmement, d&eacute;mobilisation et de r&eacute;insertion pour la mise en &oelig;uvre de l&#8217;Accord d&#8217;Alger<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Des &eacute;lections municipales ont eu lieu au Mali le 20 novembre mais ont &eacute;t&eacute; largement boycott&eacute;es par le CMA dans le nord du pays. La CMA avait propos&eacute;, le 11 novembre, d&#8217;achever l&#8217;installation des autorit&eacute;s int&eacute;rimaires pour le nord avant les &eacute;lections locales. Cependant, des membres de la CMA ainsi que d&#8217;autres groupes Azawadiens comme le Mouvement pour le salut de l&#8217;Azawad (MSA), form&eacute; en septembre dernier ; Le Congr&egrave;s pour la justice dans l&#8217;Azawad (CJA), lanc&eacute; en octobre dernier ; et le CMFR2 n&#8217;arrivent toujours pas &agrave; se mettre d&#8217;accord sur les listes proposer pour les autorit&eacute;s interm&eacute;diaires. Il y a eu un faible taux de participation et les &eacute;lections n&#8217;ont pas eu lieu &agrave; Kidal, Taoudeni, et M&eacute;naka ; alors que les r&eacute;gions de Gao, Timbuktu et Mopti ont pu organis&eacute; les &eacute;lections partiellement. Ces &eacute;lections municipales ont &eacute;t&eacute; entach&eacute;es par des attaques commises par des groupes affili&eacute;s aux mouvements An&ccedil;ar Dine et au Front de lib&eacute;ration du Macina (FLM). Ces attaques ont vis&eacute; des prisons du nord Mali dans l&#8217;objectif de lib&eacute;rer des d&eacute;tenus, membres de leurs mouvements.<\/p>\n<p>Alors que la mise en &oelig;uvre de l&#8217;Accord d&#8217;Alger de juin 2014 est encore hypoth&eacute;tique, l&#8217;Etat malien demande aux bailleurs de fonds une aide de 25 millions de dollars sur un total de 50 millions pour l&#8217;application du plan de d&eacute;sarmement et de la r&eacute;insertion des anciens combattants. Les autorit&eacute;s maliennes parlent d&#8217;un programme qui concernerait 6000 ex-combattants.<\/p>\n<p>Jusque-l&agrave;, les bailleurs demeurent assez r&eacute;serv&eacute;s, ce qui compromet l&#8217;avenir de l&#8217;Accord et la stabilit&eacute; dans le nord du pays.<\/p>\n<p><em>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/la-situation-politique-et-securitaire-au-nord\/programme-de-desarmement-demobilisation-de-reinsertion-letat-demande-aux-bailleurs-de-fonds-aide-de-25-millions-de-dollars-total-de-50-millions-1937952.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/la-situation-politique-et-securitaire-au-nord\/programme-de-desarmement<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/la-situation-politique-et-securitaire-au-nord\/accord-paix-reconciliation-mali-cadres-ministere-affaires-etrangeres-renforcent-leurs-capacites-1939142.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/la-situation-politique-et-securitaire-au-nord\/accord-paix-reconciliation<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/societe\/reconciliation-nationale-vaine-expression-1938352.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/societe\/reconciliation-nationale-vaine-expression<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/contributions\/negocier-terroristes-fausse-bonne-idee-2-1936302.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.maliweb.net\/contributions\/negocier-terroristes-fausse-bonne-idee<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/mali-web.org\/nord-mali\/programme-ddr-6-000-ex-combattants-concernes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/mali-web.org\/nord-mali\/programme-ddr-6-000-ex-combattants-concernes<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.malinet.net\/alerte\/nomination-des-autorites-interimaires-4-groupes-de-la-cma-disent-non-et-menacent-de-reprendre-les-armes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.malinet.net\/alerte\/nomination-des-autorites-interimaires<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2016\/11\/22\/au-mali-violences-et-desaffection-des-electeurs-ont-marque-les-municipales_5035631_3212.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/afrique\/article\/2016\/11\/22\/au-mali-violences-et-desaffection<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Liban, 12.12.2016 : Formation du gouvernement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bien que le si&egrave;ge de la pr&eacute;sidence ait &eacute;t&eacute; finalement attribu&eacute; &agrave; Michel Aoun il y a six semaines apr&egrave;s presque deux ans et demi de vacance, le chemin vers la stabilit&eacute; politique reste escarp&eacute; en attendant la formation du nouveau gouvernement. Cette t&acirc;che qui revient naturellement au Pr&eacute;sident avec l&#8217;aide du Premier Ministre, Saad Hariri, s&#8217;av&egrave;re difficile en tenant compte du jeu des alliances politiques et des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts personnels de chaque pr&eacute;tendant aux diff&eacute;rents postes. En effet, la distribution des portefeuilles minist&eacute;riels reste le point de contention principal, et c&#8217;est seulement apr&egrave;s plusieurs jours de n&eacute;gociations que le poste tr&egrave;s convoit&eacute; du minist&egrave;re des Affaires Publiques a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute; par Nabih Berri au parti de Su&eacute;eiman Frangi&eacute;, d&eacute;put&eacute; et chef du mouvement Marada. Ce poste est, depuis quelques semaines, le c&oelig;ur d&#8217;un conflit entre Marada et le parti des Forces Libanaises, dirig&eacute; par Samir Geagea, qui l&#8217;ambitionnent tous les deux.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant l&#8217;annonce de l&#8217;offre n&#8217;est pas encore &agrave; prendre comme d&eacute;finitive, puisque comme mentionn&eacute; plus haut, il a &eacute;t&eacute; sugg&eacute;r&eacute; par Nabih Berri qui est le Pr&eacute;sident de la chambre des d&eacute;put&eacute;s, et doit donc &ecirc;tre confirm&eacute; par Michel Aoun et Saad Hariri. Annonce qui n&#8217;est pas si pr&eacute;visible consid&eacute;rant l&#8217;alliance entre Michel Aoun et Samir Geagea. De plus, les liens qui unissaient les deux partis chr&eacute;tiens (Courant Patriotique libre pour Michel Aoun et Marada pour Suleiman Frangi&eacute;) se sont effrit&eacute;s depuis 2015 suite au soutien qu&#8217;a apport&eacute; Saad Hariri &agrave; Suleiman Frangi&eacute; pour la pr&eacute;sidentielle en 2015. Hassan Nassrallah, lors d&#8217;un discours donn&eacute; la semaine derni&egrave;re, a exprim&eacute; son souhait de r&eacute;conciliation entre ces deux partis, qui sont alli&eacute;s au Hezbollah. Le Patriarche maronite Bechara al Rahi a exprim&eacute; le m&ecirc;me d&eacute;sir lors d&#8217;une rencontre dimanche dernier.<\/p>\n<p>Malgr&eacute; ces d&eacute;saccords, certains analystes ainsi que plusieurs personnalit&eacute;s politiques restent optimistes quant &agrave; la formation du gouvernement qu&#8217;ils annoncent comme tr&egrave;s proche, probablement avant les f&ecirc;tes de fin d&#8217;ann&eacute;e.<\/p>\n<p><em>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221704-franjieh-meets-hariri-says-won-t-allow-anyone-to-subjugate-penalize-marada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221704-franjieh-meets-hariri<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221840-hariri-says-berri-very-keen-on-govt-formation-line-up-may-be-announced-very-soon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221840-hariri-says-berri<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221843-nasrallah-says-no-one-obstructing-govt-formation-hails-excellent-relation-with-aoun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221843-nasrallah-says<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221869-hizbullah-insists-on-cabinet-of-30-ministers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221869-hizbullah-insists<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/english.aawsat.com\/2016\/12\/article55363688\/lebanon-cabinet-positive-allusions-absence-practical-solutions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/english.aawsat.com\/2016\/12\/article55363688\/lebanon-cabinet<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221966-franjieh-says-berri-offered-him-public-works-portfolio-urges-openness-from-others\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221966-franjieh-says-berri<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221950-franjieh-says-ready-for-cooperation-or-confrontation-with-aoun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221950-franjieh-says-ready<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221989-lf-not-concerned-with-franjieh-s-ain-el-tineh-remarks-as-hariri-meets-khalil-riachi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221989-lf-not-concerned<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1023183\/on-se-rapproche-de-lheure-h-hariri-joue-loptimisme.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1023183\/on-se-rapproche<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1023185\/frangie-attend-lappel-de-aoun.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lorientlejour.com\/article\/1023185\/frangie-attend-lappel<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221944-report-parties-mull-holding-a-spiritual-summit-to-support-aoun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221944-report-parties-mull-holding<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/220786\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/220786<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221178\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.naharnet.com\/stories\/en\/221178<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #902323;\"><strong>RELATIONS BETWEEN COMMUNITIES OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC, CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS AFFILIATIONS \/ <br \/>RELATIONS ENTRE COMMUNAUT&Eacute;S DE DIFF&Eacute;RENTES AFFILIATIONS ETHNIQUES, CULTURELLES ET RELIGIEUSES<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Iraq, 26.11.16: Legislation on Popular Mobilisation Forces Causing Disquiet in Iraq<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>On 26 November, the Iraqi parliament voted in favour of official recognition and full legal status for the Hashd al-Shaabi (the Popular Mobilisation Forces), effectively consecrating the paramilitary force as the nation&#8217;s reservists. The law envisages a maximum of 50,000 fighters, of which 15,000 are to be from the Sunni community. The new law also grants members of the Hashd the same salaries and pensions currently afforded to the military and police force.<\/p>\n<p>The new bill stipulates that the Hashd are directly responsible to the office of the Iraqi Prime Minister, while the Defence Minister has no authority over its diverse units. Some have taken this to indicate that, by legalizing the Hashd forces, the incumbent Prime Minister, Haider al-Abadi, is seeking to consolidate his political position over his rivals. Consequently, one concern is that the Hashd could become a tool for Iraq&#8217;s powerful politicians to use in settling scores.<\/p>\n<p>The Hashd was formed in 2014 as a force to confront the so-called Islamic State group in Iraq. Some see the Hashd as a potentially unifying force in the war-torn country, arguing that the new legalisation on the forces will make it a more accountable national body. According to sources, the Hashd comprises Shia, Sunni, Christian and Yazidi units, however groups linked with the Hashd have also been reported to target civilians in extrajudicial killings &#8211; in particular members of the Sunni minority. Human Rights Watch has documented summary killings, enforced disappearances, torture, and the destruction of homes by groups affiliated with the Hashd. Indeed, cynics question whether al-Abadi is able to exert any control over the already-powerful and diverse groups that constitute these forces, the most powerful units of which hold divergent agendas.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the controversy that surrounds them, the forces that make up the Hashd are hugely popular in parts of Iraq, due to their effective role as fighters against the so-called Islamic State group. While the recent government legislation has given the Hashd an official mandate to operate within the country, observers have noted that the forces have long operated in Iraq, with full government support. The vote on official recognition of the Hashd comes as the offensive continues against the so-called Islamic State in northern Iraq, particularly in Mosul and Tal Afar. The Hashd units, which encompass as many as 150,000 fighters, have played a significant role in the Iraqi-led offensive that is supported by an international coalition.<\/p>\n<p>Regional commentators foresee that the new legislation on the Hashd will aggravate sectarian tensions in Iraq, &#8220;by cementing the political and military influence of this alliance of largely Shia militias, as well as that of Iran, which backs most of them.&#8221; One expert noted that these tensions were evidenced in the parliamentary vote on the new law, where all Shia blocs approved the legislation, while many Sunni MPs boycotted the session. The New Arab reported that the bill was supported by 208 of 327 members of the Iraqi parliament, with strong rejection from Sunni Arab politicians and lawmakers, who called the legislation evidence of &#8220;dictatorship&#8221; by the country&#8217;s Shia majority. Sunni parliamentarian Ahmed al-Masary said that the bill raises concerns about the equal participation of Iraq&#8217;s numerous communities in the nation-building process. Sunni politicians also apparently objected to the law because of the way it was passed, notably because the timing of the bill could have been better; &#8220;if the government waited until the extremist Islamic State, or IS, group had been completely pushed out of Iraq, then all relevant parties could have had their say.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Writing for Niqash, Ibrahim Saleh has also noted that the move to officially recognise the Hashd was controversial among Sunni parliamentarians because it legitimises the approximately 30,000 Sunni fighters currently operating as part of the volunteer forces. According to Saleh, the Sunni volunteer militias originate from tribal networks in northern Iraq, where whole clans have been mobilised to fight against the so-called Islamic State group there. The new law, which recognizes these volunteers as a legal entity, affords them the power and legitimacy to run in local elections, potentially eroding the voting base of Sunni parliamentarians currently based in Baghdad. In the upcoming provincial elections, slated to be held in 2017, Saleh foresees the emergence of &#8220;new and powerful parties with links to the tribal and volunteer militias,&#8221; from all Iraqi communities.<\/p>\n<p><em>Links for more information:<\/em><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/english\/news\/2016\/11\/26\/iraqi-parliament-recognises-shia-militias-as-an-official-force\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/english\/news\/2016\/11\/26\/iraqi-parliament-recognises-shia-militias<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.alsumaria.tv\/news\/187040\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%AD-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84\/ar?utm_campaign=magnet&amp;utm_source=article_page&amp;utm_medium=related_articles\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.alsumaria.tv\/news\/187040\/<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/english\/comment\/2016\/12\/2\/fatwas-and-farces-irans-military-toehold-in-iraq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.alaraby.co.uk\/english\/comment\/2016\/12\/2\/fatwas-and-farces<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.almadapaper.net\/ar\/news\/519961\/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B4%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD-%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%25\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.almadapaper.net\/ar\/news\/519961\/<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/iraqs-parliament-legalizes-controversial-pmus-566417926\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/iraqs-parliament-legalizes<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/pulse\/originals\/2016\/11\/pmu-iraq-security-forces-shiite-sunni.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.al-monitor.com\/pulse\/originals\/2016\/11\/pmu-iraq-security-forces<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/columns\/unleashing-untameable-monster-iraqi-bill-will-only-inflame-sectarianism-502732117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/columns\/unleashing-untameable-monster-iraqi<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/columns\/once-they-have-defeated-iraqi-militias-will-not-go-away-1198796703\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/columns\/once-they-have-defeated-iraqi-militias<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.niqash.org\/en\/articles\/politics\/5421\/Iraq%E2%80%99s-New-Militias-Law-Could-Make-Sunni-Tribes-More-Powerful.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.niqash.org\/en\/articles\/politics\/5421\/Iraq%E2%80%99s-New-Militias-Law<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Mauritanie, 10.12.2016 : Le casse-t&ecirc;te des associations et partis non-reconnus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Au mois d&#8217;octobre dernier, juste apr&egrave;s la fin du dialogue politique inclusif lanc&eacute; par le pouvoir (en l&#8217;absence de l&#8217;opposition), le gouvernement mauritanien a officiellement reconnu deux partis, nouvellement cr&eacute;&eacute;s.<\/p>\n<p>Le premier se nomme l&#8217;Appel &agrave; la Nation (Nidaa Al Watan) et a &eacute;t&eacute; initi&eacute; par un jeune activiste politique, Daoud Ould Ahmed Aicha, issu de l&#8217;aristocratie guerri&egrave;re (arabe), qui militait jusque-l&agrave; dans les rangs du parti au pouvoir, l&#8217;Union pour la R&eacute;publique (UPR). Certains le consid&egrave;rent comme le &laquo; Le Pen de Mauritanie &raquo;. Le second parti est l&#8217;Alliance Nationale pour les Droits et la Construction des G&eacute;n&eacute;rations, de Saad Ould Louleid, transfuge de l&#8217;Initiative de R&eacute;surgence du Mouvement Abolitionniste (IRA Mauritanie). L&#8217;homme qui avait milit&eacute; dans les rangs du parti PRDS (1992-2005) avant d&#8217;adh&eacute;rer &agrave; l&#8217;UPR, en sa qualit&eacute; de membre fondateur et de s&#8217;engager ensuite au sein de l&#8217;IRA, avait &eacute;t&eacute; emprisonn&eacute; en 2014 pour participation &agrave; une association non autoris&eacute;e. Saad Ould Louleid avait occup&eacute; la position de Porte-parole de Biram Ould Dah Ould Abeid &agrave; la pr&eacute;sidentielle de 2014. Selon un analyste politique &laquo; il est per&ccedil;u comme l&#8217;incarnation de l&#8217;aile des intellectuels haratines oppos&eacute;s &agrave; toute alliance entre Haratines et N&eacute;gro-mauritaniens contre la domination arabe &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Si la reconnaissance du parti de Daoud pose certains probl&egrave;mes, celle de Saad en pose d&#8217;autres. Ainsi, d&#8217;autres partis politiques et organisations de la soci&eacute;t&eacute; civile, s&#8217;identifiant surtout &agrave; la communaut&eacute; N&eacute;gro-mauritanienne peinent &agrave; jouir de la libert&eacute; de r&eacute;union et d&#8217;association, pourtant garantie par l&#8217;article 10 de la Constitution. Soumis &agrave; un r&eacute;gime d&#8217;autorisation qui ne dit pas son nom, ces structures voient leurs activit&eacute;s r&eacute;duites, voire interdites. C&#8217;est le cas des, Forces Progressistes pour le Changement (FPC, ex-FLAM), une formation politique non reconnue.<\/p>\n<p>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cridem.org\/C_Info.php?article=691956\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.cridem.org\/C_Info.php?article=691956<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/lauthentic.info\/Politique\/article\/Nouveaux-partis-politiques-Le-Pen-reconnu-en-Mauritanie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/lauthentic.info\/Politique\/article\/Nouveaux-partis-politiques<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/lesmauritanies.com\/2016\/10\/15\/mauritanie-ribat-el-watani-un-nouveau-parti-abolitionniste-proche-de-ould-aziz\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/lesmauritanies.com\/2016\/10\/15\/mauritanie-ribat-el-watani-un-nouveau-parti<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/maurijet.info\/article\/1856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/maurijet.info\/article\/1856<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tchad, 06.12.16 : Des morts dans des affrontements entre &eacute;leveurs et agriculteurs au nord du pays<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Selon des sources locales &agrave; Ab&eacute;ch&eacute; (est), onze personnes sont mortes, le 10 d&eacute;cembre 2016, dans l&#8217;est du Tchad dans des affrontements entre &eacute;leveurs et agriculteurs. Ces violences ont &eacute;clat&eacute; lorsque des chameaux ont envahi le champ d&#8217;un agriculteur au village de Tir&eacute;, non loin de la ville d&#8217;Ab&eacute;ch&eacute;. Le bilan est de huit morts parmi les agriculteurs et trois parmi les &eacute;leveurs. Le conflit entre agriculteurs et &eacute;leveurs est r&eacute;current au Tchad, pays &agrave; vocation agropastorale et ces affrontements dramatiques sont tr&egrave;s fr&eacute;quents dans les pays de la zone. Ces derniers font de nombreuses victimes et enveniment les rapports entre les communaut&eacute;s, ce qui en fait une ligne permanente de tension.<\/p>\n<p>R&eacute;cemment, au Niger et au Nig&eacute;ria, des affrontements similaires avaient &eacute;t&eacute; signal&eacute;s. Les Etats de la r&eacute;gion, incapables de g&eacute;rer convenablement ces conflits se fragilisent de plus en plus en n&#8217;apportant que des solutions parcellaires qui occultent le fond des probl&egrave;mes.<\/p>\n<p><em>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/tchadinfos.com\/tchad\/un-affrontement-entre-agriculteurs-et-eleveurs-fait-8-morts-et-plusieurs-blesses-non-loin-dabeche\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/tchadinfos.com\/tchad\/un-affrontement-entre-agriculteurs-et-eleveurs<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/383200\/politique\/tchad-onze-morts-affrontements-entre-eleveurs-agriculteurs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/383200\/politique\/tchad-onze-morts-affrontements<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/370486\/societe\/niger-18-morts-affrontements-entre-agriculteurs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jeuneafrique.com\/370486\/societe\/niger-18-morts-affrontements<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Slovaquie, 12.12.16 : Le parlement fait passer une loi rendant difficile la reconnaissance de l&#8217;islam comme religion officielle<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mercredi 30 novembre 2016, le parlement slovaque a adopt&eacute; une mesure rendant difficile l&#8217;acquisition par la religion musulmane du statut de religion officielle reconnue par l&#8217;Etat. Cette mesure &eacute;tait d&eacute;fendue par le Parti National Slovaque (SVS) et a &eacute;t&eacute; adopt&eacute;e par deux tiers du parlement, dont la coalition au pouvoir dirig&eacute;e par le premier ministre Robert Fico. Ce dernier avait par ailleurs d&eacute;clar&eacute; en mai 2016 que l&#8217;islam n&#8217;avait pas sa place en Slovaquie.<\/p>\n<p>Pour le pr&eacute;sident du Parti National Slovaque (SVS), Andrej Danko, cette mesure devait avant tout pr&eacute;venir la construction de nouvelles mosqu&eacute;es, des constructions qui seraient per&ccedil;ues comme une menace. Il d&eacute;clara en effet &agrave; ce propos : &laquo; l&#8217;islamisation commence avec un kebab et c&#8217;est ce qui se passe &agrave; Bratislava, nous devons prendre conscience de ce &agrave; quoi nous pourrions faire face dans 5 ou 10 ans&#8230; Nous devons faire tout ce qui est en notre pouvoir pour qu&#8217;aucune mosqu&eacute;e ne soit construite dans le futur. &raquo; Une des raisons &eacute;voqu&eacute;es &eacute;tait toutefois de pr&eacute;venir la construction d&#8217;&eacute;glises du &laquo; Monstre en Spaghetti volant &raquo;, des &eacute;glises se r&eacute;clamant du &laquo; pastafarisme &raquo;, une parodie de religion cr&eacute;&eacute;e en 2005 par un &eacute;tudiant am&eacute;ricain, Bobby Henderson, et dont la divinit&eacute; serait le &laquo; Monstre en spaghetti volant &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Le parti a donc propos&eacute; que, pour qu&#8217;une religion soit reconnue officiellement par l&#8217;Etat, elle devrait compter au moins 50 000 membres, et non plus 20 000 membres comme la loi le stipulait auparavant. Obtenir ce statut permettrait &agrave; cette religion de &laquo; b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier de subventions de l&#8217;Etat &raquo; et de &laquo; diriger ses propres &eacute;coles &raquo;. Selon les statistiques nationales slovaques, le nombre de musulmans actuellement recens&eacute; est de 2000, un chiffre contest&eacute; par la Fondation islamique slovaque qui en recense pour sa part 5000, sur une population totale de 5.4 millions d&#8217;habitants.<\/p>\n<p><em>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/slovakia-bars-islam-state-religion-tightening-church-laws-robert-fico-a7449646.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/europe\/slovakia-bars-islam-state-religion<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2016\/12\/02\/once-again-slovakia-makes-life-harder-for-muslims\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2016\/12\/02\/once-again-slovakia-makes-life-harder-for-muslims<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-slovakia-religion-islam-idUSKBN13P20C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-slovakia-religion-islam<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/lesobservateurs.ch\/2016\/12\/02\/la-slovaquie-empeche-lislam-de-devenir-une-religion-detat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/lesobservateurs.ch\/2016\/12\/02\/la-slovaquie-empeche-lislam-de-devenir-une-religion-detat<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/fr.express.live\/2016\/12\/01\/slovaquie-loi-islam-religion-officielle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/fr.express.live\/2016\/12\/01\/slovaquie-loi-islam-religion-officielle<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Pays-Bas, 12.12.16: Geert Wilders condamn&eacute; pour discrimination<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Le dirigeant n&eacute;erlandais du Parti pour la libert&eacute; (PVV), Geert Wilders, a &eacute;t&eacute; condamn&eacute; vendredi 9 d&eacute;cembre 2016 pour discrimination, &agrave; propos de paroles prononc&eacute;es en 2014 lors d&#8217;un discours de fin de campagne. Ce dernier aurait, le 19 mars 2014, r&eacute;pondu &agrave; la question &laquo; voulez-vous, dans cette ville et au Pays-Bas, plus ou moins de Marocains? &raquo; &#8211; et &agrave; la foule scandant &#8220;moins, moins, moins &raquo; &#8211; un &laquo; nous allons y rem&eacute;dier &raquo;, dans un sourire. Geert Wilders a toutefois &eacute;t&eacute; relax&eacute; du chef d&#8217;accusation d&#8217;incitation &agrave; la haine. Absent &agrave; l&#8217;annonce du verdict, il a cependant d&eacute;clar&eacute; qu&#8217;il ferait appel de cette condamnation pour discrimination.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une vid&eacute;o paru le 30 novembre dernier sur son compte Twitter, il a notamment d&eacute;clar&eacute; que &laquo; personne ne pourrait le faire taire &raquo; et d&#8217;ajouter : &laquo; les Pays-Bas sont un pays malade. Et j&#8217;ai un message pour les juges qui m&#8217;ont condamn&eacute; : vous avez brid&eacute; la libert&eacute; de parole de millions de N&eacute;erlandais et condamn&eacute; chacun. Plus personne ne vous fait confiance. Mais heureusement, la v&eacute;rit&eacute; et la libert&eacute; sont plus fortes que vous. Et moi aussi je suis plus fort que vous. &raquo;<\/p>\n<p>Cette affaire relance le d&eacute;bat jamais &eacute;puis&eacute; de la limite &agrave; la libert&eacute; d&#8217;expression, un d&eacute;bat dont s&#8217;est empar&eacute; le Gatestone Institute, think tank partisan de la politique de Geert Wilders. Dans un article intitul&eacute; &laquo; Critics of Islam on Trial in Europe: Wilders Convicted &raquo;, l&#8217;auteur Giulio Meotti compare la condamnation de Geert Wilders avec celle de Salman Rushdie, condamn&eacute; &agrave; mort en 1989 par le Guide Supr&ecirc;me Iranien, en soutenant que la condamnation du dirigeant n&eacute;erlandais irait &agrave; l&#8217;encontre de toutes les valeurs europ&eacute;ennes sur la libert&eacute; d&#8217;expression, et que c&#8217;est maintenant l&#8217;Europe qui &laquo; met en prison nos auteurs et nos journalistes &raquo;. Citant le philosophe fran&ccedil;ais Alain Finkielkraut, l&#8217;auteur ajoute que &laquo; les militants antiracisme seront pour le XXI&egrave;me si&egrave;cle ce que le communisme a &eacute;t&eacute; pour le XXe si&egrave;cle &raquo;, sous-entendant que comme sous l&#8217;&egrave;re sovi&eacute;tique la libert&eacute; d&#8217;expression serait limit&eacute;e par certains groupes via l&#8217;usage des tribunaux et de conclure que les condamnations pour &laquo; incitation &agrave; la haine &raquo; seraient aujourd&#8217;hui utilis&eacute;es comme &laquo; armes politiques &raquo; en Europe, afin &laquo; d&#8217;exp&eacute;dier tous ceux qui ne sont pas d&#8217;accord avec vous &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Pour Le Figaro et le New York Times cette affaire pourrait servir les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts de Geert Wilders et de son parti, alors que les prochaines &eacute;lections sont pr&eacute;vues pour mars 2017. Son parti a &eacute;t&eacute; cr&eacute;e en 2006 et a connu depuis une ascension fulgurante.<\/p>\n<p><em>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/international\/2016\/12\/09\/01003-20161209ARTFIG00012-pays-bas-un-proces-en-forme-de-tribune-pour-geert-wilders.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lefigaro.fr\/international\/2016\/12\/09\/01003-20161209ARTFIG00012<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gatestoneinstitute.org\/9531\/islam-critics-trial-wilders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gatestoneinstitute.org\/9531\/islam-critics-trial-wilders<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gatestoneinstitute.org\/9525\/europe-illegal-criticize-islam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.gatestoneinstitute.org\/9525\/europe-illegal-criticize-islam<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/09\/world\/europe\/geert-wilders-netherlands-trial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/09\/world\/europe\/geert-wilders-netherlands-trial<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W4Qzy_enfk0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W4Qzy_enfk0<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rts.ch\/info\/monde\/8231074-reconnu-coupable-de-discrimination-geert-wilders-ne-sera-pas-puni.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.rts.ch\/info\/monde\/8231074-reconnu-coupable-de-discrimination<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>France, 13.12.16 : L&#8217;Islam de France, sur la voie de la r&eacute;forme<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Des centaines de repr&eacute;sentants musulmans venus de toute la France ont &eacute;t&eacute; convi&eacute;s au minist&egrave;re de l&#8217;Int&eacute;rieur lundi 12 d&eacute;cembre 2016 afin de r&eacute;fl&eacute;chir &agrave; la cr&eacute;ation d&#8217;une nouvelle Fondation de l&#8217;islam de France. Cette Fondation sera distincte de la Fondation des &oelig;uvres de l&#8217;Islam de France, cr&eacute;&eacute;e en 2005 par Dominique de Villepin et dont le travail a &eacute;t&eacute; qualifi&eacute; &laquo; d&#8217;&eacute;chec total &raquo; par Manuel Valls. Pour le pr&eacute;sident de l&#8217;Union des Organisations Islamiques de France (UOIF), Amar Lasfar, il faudrait d&eacute;j&agrave; faire le bilan de la Fondation cr&eacute;&eacute;e en 2005 avant de se lancer dans la mise en place d&#8217;une nouvelle institution.<\/p>\n<p>Cette nouvelle organisation aura notamment pour mission d&#8217;&oelig;uvrer &agrave; &laquo; garantir la totale transparence dans le financement des mosqu&eacute;es, dans le respect rigoureux des principes de la la&iuml;cit&eacute; &raquo;, selon Bernard Cazeneuve. Ses missions seront entre autres le financement d&#8217;&eacute;tablissements culturels, la formation des imams et travailler &agrave; la connaissance de l&#8217;Islam avec des institutions telles que les mus&eacute;es ou encore l&#8217;Institut du Monde Arabe.<\/p>\n<p>Concernant l&#8217;ind&eacute;pendance financi&egrave;re, l&#8217;id&eacute;e est de &laquo; prendre de la distance &raquo; vis-&agrave;-vis des &laquo; pays d&#8217;origine &raquo; comme le Maroc, l&#8217;Alg&eacute;rie, la Turquie et vis-&agrave;-vis des pays du Golfe, ces derniers apportant des fonds pour financer des mosqu&eacute;es et des associations religieuses en France. Un des moyens de mobilisation de fonds en dehors des collectes aupr&egrave;s des fid&egrave;les, serait de &laquo; mobiliser les acteurs du halal &raquo;, notamment car l&#8217;Etat ne finance pas les cultes, en vertu de la loi de la s&eacute;paration du religieux et de l&#8217;Etat (1905). La mise en place d&#8217;une taxe sur les produits halal, id&eacute;e lanc&eacute;e par Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet le 1er ao&ucirc;t 2016, pourraient ainsi rapporter &laquo; une vingtaine de millions d&#8217;euros par an &raquo;. Cet argent contribuerait &agrave; la &laquo; construction de lieux de cultes et &agrave; la formation des imams &raquo;. Un projet toutefois jug&eacute; irr&eacute;alisable voire &laquo; impossible &raquo; par la s&eacute;natrice Nathalie Goulet dans son Rapport sur l&#8217;organisation, la place et le financement de l&#8217;islam en France, pr&eacute;sent&eacute; au S&eacute;nat en juillet 2016. Pour elle en effet &laquo; il faut &eacute;viter les propositions &agrave; l&#8217;arrach&eacute;e &raquo; car &laquo; cela cr&eacute;e &eacute;norm&eacute;ment de suspicion &agrave; l&#8217;&eacute;gard de l&#8217;islam, qui n&#8217;a pas besoin de cela en ce moment &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>A propos de la formation des imams, un projet visant &agrave; articuler formations universitaires, principalement en islamologie, et formations priv&eacute;es serait en cours d&#8217;&eacute;laboration. Selon Lib&eacute;ration, un autofinancement de l&#8217;islam de France permettrait en outre d&#8217;imaginer la mise en place d&#8217;universit&eacute;s priv&eacute;es, &laquo; sur le mod&egrave;le de facult&eacute;s de th&eacute;ologie catholiques ou protestantes &raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>Il convient de rappeler que ce projet s&#8217;inscrit dans le d&eacute;bat s&eacute;curitaire plus large et r&eacute;current du lien entre islam et &laquo; lutte contre la radicalit&eacute; &raquo;. Pour Manuel Valls, c&#8217;est une strat&eacute;gie avant tout s&eacute;curitaire qui est sous-jacente &agrave; cette r&eacute;forme de l&#8217;islam de France. Ce dernier avait notamment d&eacute;clar&eacute; dans un long entretien au JDD (31 juillet 2016) que cette r&eacute;forme viserait &agrave; &laquo; aider l&#8217;islam de France &agrave; se d&eacute;barrasser de ceux qui le minent de l&#8217;int&eacute;rieur&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Selon les sources du minist&egrave;re de l&#8217;Int&eacute;rieur, 20 lieux de culte ont &eacute;t&eacute; ferm&eacute;s depuis 2015, 120 sont consid&eacute;r&eacute;s comme &laquo; diffusant une id&eacute;ologie salafiste &raquo;, et 80 imams &laquo; radicaux &raquo; ont &eacute;t&eacute; expuls&eacute;s depuis 2012.<\/p>\n<p><em>Liens pour plus d&#8217;informations :<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/france\/2016\/12\/11\/l-islam-de-france-en-quete-d-une-autonomie-financiere_1534501\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/france\/2016\/12\/11\/l-islam-de-france-en-quete-d-une-autonomie-financiere<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/france\/2016\/12\/12\/l-islam-de-france-sur-les-rails-de-la-reforme_1534788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/france\/2016\/12\/12\/l-islam-de-france-sur-les-rails-de-la-reforme<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/religion-et-spiritualite\/vers-une-reforme-de-l-islam-en-france\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.franceculture.fr\/religion-et-spiritualite\/vers-une-reforme-de-l-islam-en-france<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/Actualites\/L-actu-du-Ministere\/Lancement-de-la-Fondation-de-l-Islam-de-France\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.interieur.gouv.fr\/Actualites\/L-actu-du-Ministere\/Lancement-de-la-Fondation-de-l-Islam-de-France<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/manuelvalls\/status\/759668802397302784\/photo\/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/twitter.com\/manuelvalls\/status\/759668802397302784\/photo\/1<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.lejdd.fr\/Politique\/Manuel-Valls-Reconstruire-l-islam-de-France-800035\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lejdd.fr\/Politique\/Manuel-Valls-Reconstruire-l-islam-de-France<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.senat.fr\/commission\/missions\/islam_en_france\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.senat.fr\/commission\/missions\/islam_en_france<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/tempsreel.nouvelobs.com\/societe\/20160729.OBS5536\/organiser-l-islam-de-france-ce-n-est-pas-le-concours-lepine.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/tempsreel.nouvelobs.com\/societe\/20160729.OBS5536\/organiser-l-islam-de-france<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #902323;\"><strong>VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND THE WAR ON TERROR \/ EXTR&Eacute;MISME VIOLENT ET LA GUERRE CONTRE LA TERREUR<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>USA, 8.12.2016, Trump Administration: Generals are coming &amp; California is ready to fight<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>President-elect Donald Trump has selected retired Marine Gen. John F. Kelly as secretary of homeland security, officials familiar with the decision said Wednesday, recruiting a third former member of the military&#8217;s brass to serve at the highest levels of his administration. If confirmed, Kelly and defense secretary nominee James Mattis, a retired Marine general with the nickname &#8220;Mad Dog,&#8221; would join retired Army Lt. Gen. Michael T. Flynn, Trump&#8217;s pick for White House national security adviser. Meanwhile, retired Army Gen. David H. Petraeus is under consideration for secretary of state, and Navy Adm. Michael S. Rogers is a contender for director of national intelligence.<\/p>\n<p>Many of those he has been interviewing and consulting have spent much of the past decade and a half at war, intimately involved in the U.S. fight against global terrorism. Trump&#8217;s choices also are striking considering his noninterventionist posture in the campaign and sharp criticism of the war in Iraq and other military adventures. On Capitol Hill, the two generals Trump has nominated for Senate-confirmed positions &mdash; Mattis and Kelly &mdash; have been relatively well-received.<\/p>\n<p>Trump&#8217;s heavy reliance on military leaders marks a departure from the previous three presidents, who tapped a few generals for the highest jobs with mixed success and relied mostly on people who had spent decades in civilian service, as politicians or academics or lawyers.<\/p>\n<p>Daniel Benjamin, the former senior counterterrorism official at the State Department in the Obama administration and now a professor at Dartmouth College, said having too many generals in what are traditionally civilian positions is &#8220;a matter of deep concern.&#8221; &#8220;Generals as a rule believe in hierarchies and taking orders, and if the president gives them an order you have to wonder how likely they are to push back against it.&#8221; On social media Wednesday 7 December, there was some sharply critical commentary about Trump&#8217;s emerging Cabinet resembling &#8220;a military junta.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile, Trump&#8217;s global business empire will create an unprecedented number of conflicts of interest for a United States president, experts in legal ethics say. Trump has said he will separate himself from his company before taking the oath of office, but he has not offered any details on how. According to New York Times, ethics experts warn that if Trump puts his children in control of operations but continues to own the company, he will remain vulnerable to charges that his actions as president are guided by personal financial interests. The newspaper states some examples of the potential conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, California&#8217;s next attorney general Rep. Xavier Becerra (D), said his state is ready to fight the Donald Trump administration if need be. &#8220;I don&#8217;t think California is looking to pick a fight, we&#8217;re just ready to fight if someone tries to stop us from moving forward some progressive values that have helped so many Californians,&#8221; he told MSNBC on Wednesday 7 December. &#8220;We&#8217;re not interested in having folks try to stop us. We&#8217;ll look at the Constitution of the United States, and we&#8217;ll look at our California constitution and recognize that as any other states, we will do whatever the U.S. Constitution allows us to do to protect our people and advance our interests,&#8221; he added.<\/p>\n<p><em>Links for more information:<\/em><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/trump-hires-a-third-general-raising-concerns-about-heavy-military-influence\/2016\/12\/07\/a6273fbc-bca0-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html?hpid=hp_rhp-top-table-main_generals-715pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&amp;utm_term=.84cd6cae8af8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/trump-hires-a-third-general<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/07\/us\/politics\/donald-trump-campaign-promises-president.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;clickSource=story-heading&amp;module=first-column-region&Acirc;&reg;ion=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/12\/07\/us\/politics\/donald-trump-campaign<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2016\/12\/01\/us\/politics\/trump-conflict-of-interests.html?mc=aud_dev&amp;mcid=fb-nytimes&amp;mccr=DecHighADLowMC&amp;mcdt=2016-12&amp;subid=DecHighADLowMC&amp;ad-keywords=AudDevGate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2016\/12\/01\/us\/politics\/trump-conflict-of-interests<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/energy-environment\/wp\/2016\/12\/07\/trump-names-scott-pruitt-oklahoma-attorney-general-suing-epa-on-climate-change-to-head-the-epa\/?tid=pm_business_pop&amp;utm_term=.f0996ae9d1b2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/energy-environment\/wp\/2016\/12\/07\/trump-names-scott-pruitt<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/trump-says-hes-taking-advice-from-obama-but-hes-not-taking-responsibility-for-nations-divisions\/2016\/12\/07\/d7c659c8-bc86-11e6-94ac-3d324840106c_story.html?utm_term=.94207844a53c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/trump-says-hes-taking-advice-from-obama<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/blog-briefing-room\/news\/309367-becerra-california-ready-to-fight-trump-administration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/blog-briefing-room\/news\/309367-becerra-california<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>US &amp; Cross-regional, 7-10.12.16, Obama counters Trump in final security speech<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>President Obama gave what is expected to be the final national security speech of his tenure on 7 Dec. 2016, discussing his administration&#8217;s accomplishments in spheres like battling al Qaeda and killing Osama bin Laden, as well as counterterrorism recommendations for the ongoing struggle against ISIS and other extremist groups. &#8220;So rather than offer false promises that we can eliminate terrorism by dropping more bombs, or deploying more and more troops, or fencing ourselves off from the rest of the world, we have to take a long view of the terrorist threat, and we have to pursue a smart strategy that can be sustained,&#8221; Obama said. He suggests what he thinks should guide this approach: (1) &#8220;a sustainable counterterrorism strategy depends on keeping the threat in perspective. The terrorist threat is real and it is dangerous. But these terrorists want to cast themselves as the vanguard of a new world order. They are not.&#8221; (2) &#8220;We cannot follow the path of previous great powers who sometimes defeated themselves through over-reach. By protecting our homeland while drawing down the number of troops serving in harm&#8217;s way overseas, we helped save resources, but more importantly, we saved lives.&#8221; (3) &#8220;We need the wisdom to see that upholding our values and adhering to the rule of law is not a weakness; in the long term, it is our greatest strength.&#8221; (4) &#8220;We have to fight terrorists in a way that does not create more terrorists.&#8221; (5) &#8220;Transparency and accountability serve our national security not just in times of peace, but, more importantly, in times of conflict.&#8221; (6) &#8220;Alongside our outstanding military work, we have to draw upon the strength of our diplomacy&#8230; any long-term strategy to reduce the threat of terrorism depends on investments that strengthen some of these fragile societies.&#8221; He added, &#8220;A dollar spent on development is worth a lot more than a dollar spent fighting a war&#8230;. This is how we prevent conflicts from starting in the first place. This is how we can ensure that peace is lasting &#8212; after we&#8217;ve fought. It&#8217;s how we stop people from falling prey to extremism.&#8221; (7) &#8220;In this fight, we have to uphold the civil liberties that define us.&#8221; He said, &#8220;We don&#8217;t use our power to indiscriminately read emails or listen to phone calls just targeted at folks who might be trying to do us harm. We use it to save lives. And by doing so, by maintaining these civil liberties, we sustain the confidence of the American people and we get the cooperation of our allies more readily&#8230; We are fighting terrorists who claim to fight on behalf of Islam. But they do not speak for over a billion Muslims around the world, and they do not speak for American Muslims, including many who wear the uniform of the United States of America&#8217;s military.&#8221; Unlike previous wars, Obama warned the fight against terrorism will be a long one that might not produce &#8220;a clearly defined victory.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Fred Kaplan writes, &#8220;the unmistakable subject of the speech Obama gave in front of a crowd of servicemen and women at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, was the man he never actually named, Donald Trump.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Cautioning against using torture to obtain information and making another pitch for closing the naval prison at Guantanamo Bay, Obama argued against the very promises Donald Trump made during his run for president. Obama warned that returning to those practices would ultimately damage US national security. Trump has called for the use of torture against terror suspects, advocated a ban on Muslim immigration and questioned the United States&#8217; involvement in NATO, although he&#8217;s tweaked some of those positions after his election. He also said he would resume placing terror suspects at Guantanamo, which Obama called a &#8220;blot on our national honor.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><em>Links for more information:<\/em><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2016\/12\/06\/remarks-president-administrations-approach-counterterrorism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/the-press-office\/2016\/12\/06\/remarks-president-administrations-approach-counterterrorism<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/administration\/309104-obama-counters-trump-in-final-security-speech\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/thehill.com\/homenews\/administration\/309104-obama-counters-trump-in-final-security-speech<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/news_and_politics\/war_stories\/2016\/12\/obama_s_final_national_security_speech_was_about_the_man_he_wouldn_t_name.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/news_and_politics\/war_stories\/2016\/12\/obama_s_final_national_security<\/a><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/12\/06\/politics\/obama-terrorism-security-military-tampa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2016\/12\/06\/politics\/obama-terrorism-security-military-tampa<\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>The views and perspectives contained in the Weekly Update are from individual contributors and external sources, and do not necessarily reflect the opinions or position of the Cordoba Foundation of Geneva. The links are neither intended as an endorsement of particular publications nor the only source for the updates, but to connect to information in the public domain, for those interested in background or further details.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>29th November &#8211; 12th December 2016 Cordoba Foundation of Geneva<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":595,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-596","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-newsletter"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Cordoba Update 21\/2016 - Cordoba Peace Institute | \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cpi-geneva.org\/ar\/the-cordoba-update-21-2016\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Cordoba Update 21\/2016 - 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